Indicadores psicológicos de sobreentrenamiento y agotamiento

El estado de agotamiento producido fundamentalmente por un sobreentrenamiento, aunque facilitado por otros estresores incluídos los extradeportivos, provoca una amplia síntomatología junto a un deterioro del rendimiento, que impiden a algunos deportistas mantener o superar sus marcas previas. Por ello, ha aumentado el número de investigaciones orientadas a la detección de indicadores que tracen de forma correcta el límite entre la adaptación al entrenamiento y el agotamiento. Los marcadores biológicos disponibles actualmente no proporcionan un criterio unánimemente aceptado para definir este límite, por lo que la investigación se ha orientado al uso de algunos indicadores psicológicos, que ofrecen resultados prometedores. Concretamente, en este trabajo se revisan los estudios que han utilizado instrumentos psicológicos (RPE, POMS y algunas escalas específicas) para la evaluación de los síntomas del sobreentrenamiento.An excessive training can prevent the maintenance or improvement of the previous sports performance. This drop in the performance is mainly due to the overtraining, and it is usually called overtraining syndrome, staleness or fatigue. Because of the negative effects of this state, recent research has focused on the boundary between adaptation or disadaptation to training. Biological and psychological markers have been used for detecting overtraining. Recently, several psychological ratings have been employed in this field. This paper critically reviews psychological tools used for detecting psychological disruption produced by erroneous training programmes. In concrete, we will analyse results obtained from the Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE), the Profile of Mood States (POMS), complaint indexes, and symptoms and well-being scales

Efectos de los esteroides anabolizantesandrogenizantes sobre diversas variables implicadas en el rendimiento deportivo

En las últimas décadas, el consumo de esteroides anabolizantes-androgenizantes (EAAs) ha aumentado de forma muy importante en el ámbito deportivo para mejorar el rendimiento, extendiéndose también a ámbitos extradeportivos. El abuso de estas sustancias acarrea graves efectos secundarios, físicos y psicológicos, sin embargo, aún en la actualidad no existe evidencia científica concluyente sobre la magnitud de los efectos sobre el rendimiento. Aquí se presenta una revisión de los efectos ergogénicos de los EAAs, en la que se analizan los estudios realizados, en humanos y en animales, sobre los efectos de estas sustancias utilizando indicadores como el peso corporal, la masa muscular, la fuerza, la resistencia a la fatiga y la combatividad/agresión. Por último, se tratarán brevemente los mecanismos a través de los que los EAAs podrían producir los efectos analizados.For the last decades, anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) have been used by athletes with the aim of enhancing their performance. This consumption has suffered a progressive increment in athletes and in nonsport environments, although it is now well known that the abuse of these substances produces severe physical and psychological side effects. In addition, there is no conclusive evidence about their ergogenic effects. A review of the AAS as an ergogenic aid has been carried out and the effects on performance examined. Animal and human studies have been analyzed taking into account several variables: body weight, muscle mass, strength, fatigue resistance and aggression. The underlying mechanisms that explain the AAS effects on these variables have also been addressed

An Investigation of Mood and Executive Functioning Effects of Brief Auditory and Visual Mindfulness Meditations in Patients with Schizophrenia

Brief meditations led by audio versus visual stimuli can lead to differential effects on mood and cognition in healthy people. We examine whether similar effects were evident amongst schizophrenia patients. Forty-three patients underwent either 30-min image- (e.g. a mountain stream; n = 15) or audio-led (e.g. running water; n = 15) meditations or waited 30 min without instructions (n = 13). Prior to and following the meditation/wait, participants completed a self-report measure of positive and negative affect and the Trail Making Test to measure attentional shifting abilities. Participants who underwent a visual-led meditation were significantly more positive than those who underwent an audio-led meditation or if they did not meditate. Irrespective of meditation modality, participants showed significant improvement in attentional shifting abilities. Brief meditative practice amongst patients with schizophrenia may have immediate effects on mood and cognition. Future research must explore these effects in larger mindfulness programmes and with longer follow-up assessments.</p

Parental attachment security and problematic internet use in children:The mediating role of maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies

Problematic Internet Use (PIU) is a growing problem among children. Insecure attachment has been associated with PIU and emotion dysregulation. Furthermore, there is evidence suggesting that maladaptive Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies (CERS), such as Self-blame, Rumination, Catastrophizing and Other-blame, lead to PIU, nevertheless, the mediating role of CERS between attachment and PIU has not been explored. A sample of 641 children (M = 10.15; SD =.89) participated in the study. The findings showed that there were significant differences between problematic and non-problematic users in terms of secure attachment and emotion dysregulation. Results show a negative association between attachment security and PIU and a negative association between attachment and maladaptive CERS, whilst maladaptive CERS were positively related with PIU. Finally, maladaptive CERS, particularly Rumination, were found to mediate the relationship between attachment security and PIU. However, Catastrophizing and Other Blame partially mediated the relationship between maternal attachment, but not the relationship between Father attachment and PIU. Limitations and implications are discussed, motivating the promotion of prevention and intervention programs.</p

Diseño y análisis del funcionamiento del Test de Memoria Autobiográfica en población española

Aunque existe un amplio desarrollo teórico y experimental que muestra una relación entre la memoria autobiográfica (MA) y la aparición de trastornos emocionales, el procedimiento que se utiliza para evaluar la MA presenta algunas limitaciones metodológicas. Actualmente no existe un instrumento estandarizado para la evaluación de los procesos implicados en el recuerdo autobiográfico que controle los sesgos subjetivos. Este trabajo analiza el funcionamiento del Test de Memoria Autobiográfica (AMT) en población española controlando la subjetividad de los ítems mediante el uso de un programa psicolingüístico. Los resultados muestran un funcionamiento satisfactorio del procedimiento elegido para seleccionar las palabras. Sin embargo, se observan algunas diferencias en la respuesta de MA en función de variables de tipo emocional y psicológico, lo cual apoya la importancia de la subjetividad asociada a la MA. Esta versión española del AMT puede considerarse como un instrumento apropiado para la obtención de recuerdos específicos voluntarios.Although there has been a wide theoretical and experimental development showing some evidence of the relationship between this type of memory and emotional disturbance, the procedure employed to obtain memories has methodological restrictions. Nowadays, a standardized instrument to assess memory recovery processes controlling for subjective bias is not available. This work analyzes the behaviour of the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT) among Spanish population controlling for such subjective bias employing a psycholinguistic programme to opt for cue-words. Results showed a satisfactory functioning of the chosen procedure to select Spanish cue-words. However, some differences between emotional and psychological variables and specific recall were also reported, according to recent research that support the presence of important subjective elements linked to autobiographical retrieval. The Spanish version of the Autobiographical Memory Test, obtained as a result of the current work, is considered an appropriate instrument to obtain specific voluntary memories for Spanish samples.Consejería de Educación y Ciencia de Castilla La Mancha PII1I09-0274-8863Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación PSI2010-2008

Mental health, substance abuse, prison victimization and suicide attempts amongst incarcerated women

Worldwide, incarcerated women are known to suffer adverse experiences that might increase the risk of suicide attempts during incarceration. The present investigation examines the prevalence of suicide attempts amongst incarcerated women in Spain and the factors associated with this. Between January and March of 2017 a total of 174 women, enrolled from two prisons in the southeast of Spain, completed anonymous self-report measures of demographic variables, penitentiary and sentence-related variables, mental distress (including depression, anxiety and stress), perceived social support, substance use (including alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamine, heroin and hallucinogens), prison victimization (property, verbal, physical and sexual victimization) and suicide attempts. Overall, 15.5 percent of women reported they had attempted suicide during their current incarceration. Compared with women who did not report suicide attempts, multivariate analysis showed that women reporting suicide attempts were more likely to report lower education levels, in-prison substance use, victimization and higher levels of mental distress. In order to prevent suicide amongst incarcerated women, victimization in all its forms, emotional distress and drug abuse in women with lower education levels, should be considered highly targetable variables.</p

Sliding-mode disturbance observers for an artificial pancreas without meal announcement

[EN] Carbohydrate counting is not only a burden for patients with type 1 diabetes, but estimation errors in meal announcement could also degrade the outcomes of the current hybrid closed-loop systems. Therefore, removing meal announcement is desirable. A novel control system is addressed here to face postprandial control without meal announcement. The proposed system grounds on two applications of the sliding mode observers in dealing with disturbances: first, the equivalent output technique is used to reconstruct the meal rate of glucose appearance via a first order sliding mode observer; second, a super-twisting -based residual generator is used to detect the meals. Subsequently, a bolusing algorithm uses the information of the two observers to trigger a series of boluses based on a proportional-derivative-like strategy. An in silico validation with 30 patients in a 30-day scenario reveals that the meal detector algorithm achieves a low rate of false positives per day (0.1 (0.1), mean (SD)) and a detection time of 28.5(6.2) min. Additionally, the bolusing algorithm fulfills a non-statistically different mean glucose than the hybrid counterpart with bolus misestimation (146.69 (12.20) mg/dLvs. 144.28 (11.01) mg/dL,p>0.05), without increasing hypoglycemia (0.029 (0.077) vs. 0.004 (0.014)%, p > 0,05), although at the expense of a slightly higher time in hyperglycemia (22.51(8.72) % vs. 18.65 (7.89)%, p <0.05) due to the conservative tuning of the bolusing algorithm for the sake of safety.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO) [grant number DPI2016-78831-C2-1-12]; the European Union [FEDER funds]: and Generalitat Valenciana [grant number ACIF/2017/021]Sala-Mira, I.; Diez, J.; Ricarte Benedito, B.; Bondía Company, J. (2019). Sliding-mode disturbance observers for an artificial pancreas without meal announcement. Journal of Process Control. 78:68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprocont.2019.03.00868777

Insulin Estimation and Prediction A REVIEW OF THE ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN PHARMACOKINETICS IN CLOSED-LOOP GLUCOSE CONTROL

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through grant DPI2013-46982-C2-1-R and the EU through FEDER funds.Bondía Company, J.; Romero Vivó, S.; Ricarte Benedito, B.; Diez, J. (2018). Insulin Estimation and Prediction A REVIEW OF THE ESTIMATION AND PREDICTION OF SUBCUTANEOUS INSULIN PHARMACOKINETICS IN CLOSED-LOOP GLUCOSE CONTROL. IEEE Control Systems. 38(1):47-66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCS.2017.2766312S476638

A multi-method comparison of autobiographical memory impairments amongst younger and older adults

Objectives: Research indicates that, compared to younger adults, older adults have difficulty recalling memories of specific past events (those lasting less than 24 h) and this difficulty is associated with depression. These studies are largely confined to a single measure of specific memory recall and there are conflicting findings when alternative measures are used. This investigation provides the first comparison of memory specificity between younger and older adults using several different measures.Method: Older (n = 105) and younger (n = 88) adults completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT), Autobiographical Memory Interview (AMI) and Sentence Completion for Events from the Past Test (SCEPT) and the number of specific memories was quantified for each measure. Participants also completed the Beck Depression Inventory Version II (BDI-II).Results: Compared to younger adults, older adults recalled fewer specific memories in the AMT and more specific memories in the AMI. This latter effect was particularly pronounced for memories related to childhood. There was no group difference in responses in the SCEPT. There was no evidence of an association between memory specificity and depression for any of the measures.Conclusion: Older adults have difficulty retrieving specific memories after cuing by nouns and adjectives, as in the AMT, but they have enhanced recall of specific memories after cuing by life periods, as in the AMI, and this is particularly true of memories related to childhood. Individual differences in memory specificity are not related to depression symptoms in healthy samples

Emotional Differences in Young and Older Adults: Films as Mood Induction Procedure

Film clips are proven to be one of the most efficient techniques in emotional induction. However, there is scant literature on the effect of this procedure in older adults and, specifically, the effect of using different positive stimuli. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine emotional differences between young and older adults and to know how a set of film clips works as mood induction procedure in older adults, especially, when trying to elicit attachment-related emotions. To this end, we use this procedure to analyze differences in subjective emotional response between young and older adults. A sample of 57 older adults and 83 young adults watched a film set previously validated in young population. Their responses were studied in an individual laboratory session to elicit 6 target emotions (disgust, fear, sadness, anger, amusement and tenderness) and neutral state. Self-reported emotional experience was measured using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM). Our results show that film clips are capable of evoking positive and negative emotions in older adults. Furthermore, older adults experienced more intensely negative emotions than young adults, especially in response to disgust and fear clips. They also reported higher arousal than young adults, especially in the case of sadness, anger and tenderness clips. Nevertheless, the older adults recovered more easily from the effects of the emotion induction. The young adults reported higher arousal ratings than older adults in response to amusement film clips. On the other hand, this study reflects the importance of controlling the baseline state to study the real strength of mood induction. Overall, current data suggests significant differences occur in emotional response in adult age and that film clips are an effective tool for studying positive and negative emotions in aging research