The Economic Impacts of Native American Gaming in Wisconsin

An input-output model is utilized to assesses the economic impact of gambling in Native American casinos in Wisconsin. Important facts include interview information from 697 players. Positive economic gains discovered for local casino areas are offset by losses to other parts of the state and by losses due to social costs

Digital Convergence: New Professional Profiles of a Journalist

Journalism is changing with the development of Informationand Communication Technology (TIC abbreviation in Spanish)and the emergence of new online media that are changing thetraditional work routines, content, production, distribution,and consumption of information. This new stage is markedby the digital convergence in its various dimensions and themultiplication of new platforms, tools, and formats reception,dissemination and interaction that invite to change journalists’professional profiles and to give a second thought to their newskills to practice. To build the new profile of the journalist, aqualitative and quantitative research through surveys, depthinterviews and discussion groups applied to the various actorsof media companies and managers of journalism programsin Colombia were conducted from three professional skills:business-technological, content communicative and usersprofessional. It was concluded with the construction of a map ofcompetencies of a journalist in a digital context, among others,to produce contents, languages and multimedia narratives. toimplement technologies and networks, to create informativeand interactive formats consistent with the preferences of theaudience, and to adapt to the new communication ecosystem. El periodismo se está transformando debido al desarrollo de las tecnologías de información y de las comunicaciones (TIC) y a la aparición de nuevos cibermedios que están alterando las tradicionales rutinas de trabajo, los contenidos, la producción, distribución y consumo de información. Este nuevo escenario está marcado por la convergencia digital en sus distintas dimensiones y en la multiplicación de nuevas plataformas, herramientas y formatos de recepción, difusión e interacción que invitan a modificar los perfiles profesionales del periodista y a replantear sus nuevas competencias para ejercer la profesión. Para construir el nuevo perfil del periodista, se realizó una investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa a través de encuestas, entrevistas de profundidad y grupos de discusión, aplicadas a los diferentes actores de las empresas mediáticas y a los directores de programas profesionales de periodismo de Colombia, a partir de tres competencias profesionales: empresarial-tecnológica, comunicativa de contenidos y profesional-usuarios. Se concluye con la identificación de competencias del periodista en un contexto digital, entre ellas: producir contenidos, lenguajes y narrativas multimedia; implementar tecnologías y redes; crear formatos informativos e interactivos acordes con las preferencias de la audiencia, y adecuarse al nuevo ecosistema comunicativo

Detrital-zircon geochronology and provenance of the Ocloyic synorogenic clastic wedge, and Ordovician accretion of the Argentine Precordillera terrane

The Precordillera terrane in northwestern Argentina is interpreted to be anexotic (Laurentian) continental fragment that was accreted to western Gondwanaduring the Ordovician. One prominent manifestation of the subductionand collision process is a Middle?Upper Ordovician clastic wedge, which overliesa passive-margin carbonate-platform succession in the Precordillera. U/Pbages of detrital zircons from sandstones within the clastic wedge, as well as zirconsfrom clasts within conglomerates, provide documentation for the compositionof the sediment provenance. The ages of detrital zircons are consistentvertically through the succession, as well as laterally along and across strike ofthe Precordillera, indicating a single, persistent sediment source throughoutdeposition of the clastic wedge. The dominant mode (~1350?1000 Ma) of thedetrital-zircon ages corresponds to the ages of basement rocks in the WesternSierras Pampeanas along the eastern side of the Precordillera. A secondarymode (1500?1350 Ma) corresponds in age to the Granite-Rhyolite province ofLaurentia, an age range which is not known in ages of basement rocks of theWestern Sierras Pampeanas; however, detritus from Granite-Rhyolite-age rocksin the basement of the Precordillera was available through recycling of synriftand passive-margin cover strata. Igneous clasts in the conglomerates haveages (647?614 Ma) that correspond to the ages of minor synrift igneous rocks inthe nearby basement massifs; the same ages are represented in a minor mode(~750?570 Ma) of detrital-zircon ages. A quartzite clast in a conglomerate, aswell as parts of the population of detrital zircons, indicates the importanceof a source in the metasedimentary cover of the leading edge of the Precordillera.The Famatina continental-margin magmatic arc reflects pre-collisionsubduction of Precordillera lithosphere beneath the western Gondwana margin;however, no detrital zircons have ages that correspond to Famatina arcmagmatism, indicating that sedimentary detritus from the arc may have beentrapped in a forearc basin and did not reach the foreland. The indicators ofsedimentary provenance for the foreland deposits are consistent with subductionof the Precordillera beneath western Gondwana, imbrication of basementrocks from either the Precordillera or Gondwana into an accretionary complex,and recycling of deformed Precordillera cover rocks.Fil: Thomas, William A.. Geological Survey of Alabama; Estados UnidosFil: Astini, Ricardo Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; ArgentinaFil: Mueller, Paul A.. Florida State University; Estados UnidosFil: McClelland, William C.. University of Iowa; Estados Unido

A Field Guide to Genetic Programming

xiv, 233 p. : il. ; 23 cm.Libro ElectrónicoA Field Guide to Genetic Programming (ISBN 978-1-4092-0073-4) is an introduction to genetic programming (GP). GP is a systematic, domain-independent method for getting computers to solve problems automatically starting from a high-level statement of what needs to be done. Using ideas from natural evolution, GP starts from an ooze of random computer programs, and progressively refines them through processes of mutation and sexual recombination, until solutions emerge. All this without the user having to know or specify the form or structure of solutions in advance. GP has generated a plethora of human-competitive results and applications, including novel scientific discoveries and patentable inventions. The authorsIntroduction -- Representation, initialisation and operators in Tree-based GP -- Getting ready to run genetic programming -- Example genetic programming run -- Alternative initialisations and operators in Tree-based GP -- Modular, grammatical and developmental Tree-based GP -- Linear and graph genetic programming -- Probalistic genetic programming -- Multi-objective genetic programming -- Fast and distributed genetic programming -- GP theory and its applications -- Applications -- Troubleshooting GP -- Conclusions.Contents xi 1 Introduction 1.1 Genetic Programming in a Nutshell 1.2 Getting Started 1.3 Prerequisites 1.4 Overview of this Field Guide I Basics 2 Representation, Initialisation and GP 2.1 Representation 2.2 Initialising the Population 2.3 Selection 2.4 Recombination and Mutation Operators in Tree-based 3 Getting Ready to Run Genetic Programming 19 3.1 Step 1: Terminal Set 19 3.2 Step 2: Function Set 20 3.2.1 Closure 21 3.2.2 Sufficiency 23 3.2.3 Evolving Structures other than Programs 23 3.3 Step 3: Fitness Function 24 3.4 Step 4: GP Parameters 26 3.5 Step 5: Termination and solution designation 27 4 Example Genetic Programming Run 4.1 Preparatory Steps 29 4.2 Step-by-Step Sample Run 31 4.2.1 Initialisation 31 4.2.2 Fitness Evaluation Selection, Crossover and Mutation Termination and Solution Designation Advanced Genetic Programming 5 Alternative Initialisations and Operators in 5.1 Constructing the Initial Population 5.1.1 Uniform Initialisation 5.1.2 Initialisation may Affect Bloat 5.1.3 Seeding 5.2 GP Mutation 5.2.1 Is Mutation Necessary? 5.2.2 Mutation Cookbook 5.3 GP Crossover 5.4 Other Techniques 32 5.5 Tree-based GP 39 6 Modular, Grammatical and Developmental Tree-based GP 47 6.1 Evolving Modular and Hierarchical Structures 47 6.1.1 Automatically Defined Functions 48 6.1.2 Program Architecture and Architecture-Altering 50 6.2 Constraining Structures 51 6.2.1 Enforcing Particular Structures 52 6.2.2 Strongly Typed GP 52 6.2.3 Grammar-based Constraints 53 6.2.4 Constraints and Bias 55 6.3 Developmental Genetic Programming 57 6.4 Strongly Typed Autoconstructive GP with PushGP 59 7 Linear and Graph Genetic Programming 61 7.1 Linear Genetic Programming 61 7.1.1 Motivations 61 7.1.2 Linear GP Representations 62 7.1.3 Linear GP Operators 64 7.2 Graph-Based Genetic Programming 65 7.2.1 Parallel Distributed GP (PDGP) 65 7.2.2 PADO 67 7.2.3 Cartesian GP 67 7.2.4 Evolving Parallel Programs using Indirect Encodings 68 8 Probabilistic Genetic Programming 8.1 Estimation of Distribution Algorithms 69 8.2 Pure EDA GP 71 8.3 Mixing Grammars and Probabilities 74 9 Multi-objective Genetic Programming 75 9.1 Combining Multiple Objectives into a Scalar Fitness Function 75 9.2 Keeping the Objectives Separate 76 9.2.1 Multi-objective Bloat and Complexity Control 77 9.2.2 Other Objectives 78 9.2.3 Non-Pareto Criteria 80 9.3 Multiple Objectives via Dynamic and Staged Fitness Functions 80 9.4 Multi-objective Optimisation via Operator Bias 81 10 Fast and Distributed Genetic Programming 83 10.1 Reducing Fitness Evaluations/Increasing their Effectiveness 83 10.2 Reducing Cost of Fitness with Caches 86 10.3 Parallel and Distributed GP are Not Equivalent 88 10.4 Running GP on Parallel Hardware 89 10.4.1 Master–slave GP 89 10.4.2 GP Running on GPUs 90 10.4.3 GP on FPGAs 92 10.4.4 Sub-machine-code GP 93 10.5 Geographically Distributed GP 93 11 GP Theory and its Applications 97 11.1 Mathematical Models 98 11.2 Search Spaces 99 11.3 Bloat 101 11.3.1 Bloat in Theory 101 11.3.2 Bloat Control in Practice 104 III Practical Genetic Programming 12 Applications 12.1 Where GP has Done Well 12.2 Curve Fitting, Data Modelling and Symbolic Regression 12.3 Human Competitive Results – the Humies 12.4 Image and Signal Processing 12.5 Financial Trading, Time Series, and Economic Modelling 12.6 Industrial Process Control 12.7 Medicine, Biology and Bioinformatics 12.8 GP to Create Searchers and Solvers – Hyper-heuristics xiii 12.9 Entertainment and Computer Games 127 12.10The Arts 127 12.11Compression 128 13 Troubleshooting GP 13.1 Is there a Bug in the Code? 13.2 Can you Trust your Results? 13.3 There are No Silver Bullets 13.4 Small Changes can have Big Effects 13.5 Big Changes can have No Effect 13.6 Study your Populations 13.7 Encourage Diversity 13.8 Embrace Approximation 13.9 Control Bloat 13.10 Checkpoint Results 13.11 Report Well 13.12 Convince your Customers 14 Conclusions Tricks of the Trade A Resources A.1 Key Books A.2 Key Journals A.3 Key International Meetings A.4 GP Implementations A.5 On-Line Resources 145 B TinyGP 151 B.1 Overview of TinyGP 151 B.2 Input Data Files for TinyGP 153 B.3 Source Code 154 B.4 Compiling and Running TinyGP 162 Bibliography 167 Inde

Nondispersive and dispersive collective electronic modes in carbon nanotubes

We propose a new theoretical interpretation of the electron energy-loss spectroscopy results of Pichler {\it et al.} on bulk carbon nanotube samples. The experimentally found nondispersive modes have been attributed by Pichler {\it et al.} to interband excitations between localized states polarized perpendicular to the nanotube axis. This interpretation has been challenged by a theorist who attributed the modes to optical plasmons carrying nonzero angular momenta. We point out that both interpretations suffer from difficulties. From our theoretical results of the loss functions for individual carbon nanotubes based on a tight-binding model, we find that the nondispersive modes could be due to collective electronic modes in chiral carbon nanotubes, while the observed dispersive mode should be due to collective electronic modes in armchair and zigzag carbon nanotubes. Momentum-dependent electron energy-loss experiments on individual carbon nanotubes should be able to confirm or disprove this interpretation decisively.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Duração razoável do processo penal em marcha lenta!

O princípio da duração razoável do processo foi inserido no texto Constitucional com a EC nº 45/2004. A presente monografia busca analisar a referida Emenda à Constituição, oferecendo ênfase para a duração razoável do processo na seara penal. No capítulo inicial se verificará as modificações que a emenda trouxe ao cenário pátrio, latu sensu. Por conseguinte, analisar-se-ão os sistemas processuais, além de verificar como são tratados os acusados – soltos ou presos - frente ao princípio em estudo, bem como as causas que podem dar azo à dilação indevida do processo penal e, por último, as consequências compensatórias à infringência ao princípio constitucional em apreciação, perpassando pela lei dos Juizados Especiais Criminais que, no seu âmago, teve intenção de dar celeridade às causas de menor potencial ofensivo e verificar a solução que a jurisprudência, bem como a doutrina, apontam para os casos em que não estão sob o julgamento da referida lei

Efficient Detectors for MIMO-OFDM Systems under Spatial Correlation Antenna Arrays

This work analyzes the performance of the implementable detectors for multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique under specific and realistic operation system condi- tions, including antenna correlation and array configuration. Time-domain channel model has been used to evaluate the system performance under realistic communication channel and system scenarios, including different channel correlation, modulation order and antenna arrays configurations. A bunch of MIMO-OFDM detectors were analyzed for the purpose of achieve high performance combined with high capacity systems and manageable computational complexity. Numerical Monte-Carlo simulations (MCS) demonstrate the channel selectivity effect, while the impact of the number of antennas, adoption of linear against heuristic-based detection schemes, and the spatial correlation effect under linear and planar antenna arrays are analyzed in the MIMO-OFDM context.Comment: 26 pgs, 16 figures and 5 table

Differential alphav integrin-mediated Ras-ERK signaling during two pathways of angiogenesis.

Antagonists of alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 disrupt angiogenesis in response to bFGF and VEGF, respectively. Here, we show that these alphav integrins differentially contribute to sustained Ras-extracellular signal-related kinase (Ras-ERK) signaling in blood vessels, a requirement for endothelial cell survival and angiogenesis. Inhibition of FAK or alphavbeta5 disrupted VEGF-mediated Ras and c-Raf activity on the chick chorioallantoic membrane, whereas blockade of FAK or integrin alphavbeta3 had no effect on bFGF-mediated Ras activity, but did suppress c-Raf activation. Furthermore, retroviral delivery of active Ras or c-Raf promoted ERK activity and angiogenesis, which anti-alphavbeta5 blocked upstream of Ras, whereas anti-alphavbeta3 blocked downstream of Ras, but upstream of c-Raf. The activation of c-Raf by bFGF/alphavbeta3 not only depended on FAK, but also required p21-activated kinase-dependent phosphorylation of serine 338 on c-Raf, whereas VEGF-mediated c-Raf phosphorylation/activation depended on Src, but not Pak. Thus, integrins alphavbeta3 and alphavbeta5 differentially regulate the Ras-ERK pathway, accounting for distinct vascular responses during two pathways of angiogenesis