18F-FDG measurement in primary lung cancer: SUV normalization to different distribution volumes

Introduction: Standard Uptake Value (SUV) is a measurement of the uptake in a tumour normalized on the basis of a distribution volume and is used to quantify 18F-Fluorodeoxiglucose (FDG) uptake in tumors, such as primary lung tumor. Several sources of error can affect its accuracy. Normalization can be based on body weight, body surface area (BSA) and lean body mass (LBM). The aim of this study is to compare the influence of 3 normalization volumes in the calculation of SUV: body weight (SUVW), BSA (SUVBSA) and LBM (SUVLBM), with and without glucose correction, in patients with known primary lung tumor. The correlation between SUV and weight, height, blood glucose level, injected activity and time between injection and image acquisition is evaluated. Methods: Sample included 30 subjects (8 female and 22 male) with primary lung tumor, with clinical indication for 18F-FDG Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Images were acquired on a Siemens Biography according to the department’s protocol. Maximum pixel SUVW was obtained for abnormal uptake focus through semiautomatic VOI with Quantification 3D isocontour (threshold 2.5). The concentration of radioactivity (kBq/ml) was obtained from SUVW, SUVBSA, SUVLBM and the glucose corrected SUV were mathematically obtained. Results: Statistically significant differences between SUVW, SUVBSA and SUVLBM and between SUVWgluc, SUVBSAgluc and SUVLBMgluc were observed (p=0.000<0.05). The blood glucose level showed significant positive correlations with SUVW (r=0.371; p=0.043) and SUVLBM (r=0.389; p=0.034). SUVBSA showed independence of variations with the blood glucose level. Conclusion: The measurement of a radiopharmaceutical tumor uptake normalized on the basis of different distribution volumes is still variable. Further investigation on this subject is recommended

"Banco" de sementes de plantas daninhas em pomar de laranjeira 'pera'

The weed seed bank is a viable soil seed reservoir present in the top soil profile, which determines the emerged weed species composition in the area, however, the qualitative and quantitative composition of the weed soil seed bank is determined mainly by the cultural practices to which the area is submitted. Therefore the influence of different soil management systems used in a citrus orchard was evaluated in relation to the weed seed bank composition. The treatments consisted of pre-emergence application of diuron (2.0 kg ha-1) and post-emergence of glyphosate (1.08 kg ha-1) on the citrus rows associated with five weed inter-row management practices: disking, mowing, reduced rate of glyphosate, green manure (Cajanus cajan and Dolichus lablab). Soil samples were collected from the row and inter-row at depths of 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm, during the dry and wet seasons of the year. The samples were placed in trays under greenhouse conditions in order to count weed emergence four times. The inter-row mechanical treatments of disking and mowing caused higher weed population, while the legume green manure reduced the weed seed population significantly in the 0-10 cm layer.O "banco" de sementes é um reservatório de sementes de plantas viáveis presentes na camada superficial de solo, que determina a composição de plantas daninhas emergidas na área; no entanto, a composição qualitativa e quantitativa do banco de sementes é determinada principalmente pelas práticas culturais empregadas na área. Sendo assim, foi avaliado o "banco" de sementes de plantas daninhas para determinar as possíveis influências dos diferentes sistemas de manejo utilizados na cultura dos citros. Os tratamentos consistiram da aplicação dos herbicidas diuron (2,0 kg ha-1), em pré-emergência, e glyphosate (1,08 kg ha-1), em pós-emergência, na linha de plantio, associados a cinco práticas de manejo na entrelinha da cultura: gradagem, roçada, dose reduzida de glyphosate, guandu (Cajanus cajan) e lab-lab (Dolichus lablab). Retiraram-se amostras de solo das entrelinhas e linhas de citros, nas profundidades de 0-10 cm e 10-20 cm, em épocas chuvosa e seca. As amostras foram colocadas em bandejas e levadas à casa-de-vegetação, para que as sementes presentes germinassem. Avaliou-se a emergência das plântulas aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após implantação, por contagem e identificação de espécies. A utilização de grade e roçadeira proporcionaram maiores percentagens de número de plantas, enquanto que as leguminosas suprimiram a germinação das plantas daninhas

INFLUÊNCIAS DA VARIAÇÃO DA RESISTÊNCIA DO CONCRETO, DE 20 MPa A 50 MPa, NOS PARÂMETROS DE INSTABILIDADE

Resumo: Em virtude da escassez de espaços horizontais, do crescimento populacional e das novas tecnologias, as edificações estão cada vez mais altas e esbeltas, tornando essencial o estudo da instabilidade. Fazendo uso da ferramenta computacional CAD/TQS versão V17 Pleno para a análise estrutural, abordaram-se as variações do &nbsp;em uma estrutura de concreto armado, verificando as influências destas variações nos efeitos de segunda ordem, que podem ter sua grandeza estimada pelo parâmetro de instabilidade . A partir da simulação computacional e da análise teórica deste parâmetro, percebeu-se pouca redução do mesmo, o que revela que aumentar o &nbsp;ao longo dos pavimentos de uma edificação não influencia significativamente nos efeitos de segunda ordem. Palavras-chave: variação do . estruturas de concreto armado. coeficiente . parâmetros de instabilidade

Mixtures between glyphosate formulations and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in the control of Chloris elata

Chloris elata is an important weed for grain and sugarcane crops. In addition to its aggressiveness, it may show resistance to glyphosate herbicide. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate formulations, isolated or in association with ACCase inhibitors, in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate) at different developmental stages. Four experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of glyphosate application under different formulations with ACCase inhibitors, isolated or in mixtures. Applications were carried out at the stages of four fully expanded leaves in Experiment I, four tillers in Experiment II, and at regrowth of the four-tiller plants in Experiments III and IV. Applications of glyphosate isopropylamine salt associated with sethoxydim or clethodim showed to be among the best treatments in Experiments I, II, and III, presenting control scores equal to or greater than 90%. However, not even these treatments could provide successful control in Experiment IV. Moreover, and regardless of the formulation, isolated glyphosate, showed 85% (Experiment III) and 50% (Experiment IV) maximum controls. Associations between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides showed to be effective in controlling C. elata, especially at early developmental stages. In general, isolated herbicides provided lower percentages of control, as well as higher values of dry matter. Sole herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate), regardless of the developmental stage. Highlights: Mixtures between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting have been shown to be effective in C. elata control, especially in the early development stages. Isolated herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata, regardless of the development stage. Mixtures between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting is more important in the control than the glyphosate formulation or ACCase-inhibiting used.Chloris elata is an important weed for grain and sugarcane crops. In addition to its aggressiveness, it may show resistance to glyphosate herbicide. In this context, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of glyphosate formulations, isolated or in association with ACCase inhibitors, in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate) at different developmental stages. Four experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of glyphosate application under different formulations with ACCase inhibitors, isolated or in mixtures. Applications were carried out at the stages of four fully expanded leaves in Experiment I, four tillers in Experiment II, and at regrowth of the four-tiller plants in Experiments III and IV. Applications of glyphosate isopropylamine salt associated with sethoxydim or clethodim showed to be among the best treatments in Experiments I, II, and III, presenting control scores equal to or greater than 90%. However, not even these treatments could provide successful control in Experiment IV. Moreover, and regardless of the formulation, isolated glyphosate, showed 85% (Experiment III) and 50% (Experiment IV) maximum controls. Associations between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides showed to be effective in controlling C. elata, especially at early developmental stages. In general, isolated herbicides provided lower percentages of control, as well as higher values of dry matter. Sole herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata (putatively resistant to glyphosate), regardless of the developmental stage. Highlights: Mixtures between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting have been shown to be effective in C. elata control, especially in the early development stages. Isolated herbicide applications were not effective in controlling C. elata, regardless of the development stage. Mixtures between glyphosate and ACCase-inhibiting is more important in the control than the glyphosate formulation or ACCase-inhibiting used

Glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) exhibits a larger number of trichomes and altered stomatal density relative to the susceptible counterpart

Following the adoption of Roundup Ready crops, glyphosate spraying frequency increased, while the use of other herbicide modes of action was neglected. Herbicide-resistant biotypes were reported in three major Conyza species in Brazil, including Conyza bonariensis, increasing growers’ bottom line. Considering that leaf surface structures affect proper herbicide deposition, uptake, and performance, this study aimed to characterize epicuticular surface components in glyphosate-resistant (R) and -susceptible (S) C. bonariensis. Conyza spp. seeds were collected in 36 locations in Brazil, and plants were subjected to resistance screening tests by spraying glyphosate at 720 and 1440 g ae ha-1 (0.5X and 1X the label recommended rate, respectively). For resistance level characterization, C. bonariensis biotypes with contrasting responses were selected for glyphosate dose-response assays. Leaf tissues for epicuticular surface analysis were harvested from newly-obtained R and S biotypes at two growth stages. Histological cuts were made on a leaf area of 25 mm² with a blade. Samples were fixed in Karnowsky solution, gradually changed to 100% ethanol, critical-point dried with CO2, and coated with gold, followed by stomatal and trichome density quantification using scanning electron microscopy. Results indicated a poor control with glyphosate in 33 of 36 Conyza spp. biotypes, and a high (31.5) resistance factor was calculated after dose-response trials. Leaf surface analysis indicated that C. bonariensis leaves are amphistomatic and exhibit tectorial trichomes. A higher number of trichomes and altered stomatal density (number.mm²) were quantified in R compared to the S counterpart, potentially reducing glyphosate uptake and effectiveness

Weed management in pre-sprouted seedlings system of sugarcane

O uso de mudas pré-brotadas (MPB) de cana-de-açúcar é uma tecnologia que proporciona sanidade, vigor e uniformidade de plantio com foco na qualidade e produtividade, para a formação de viveiros e replantio de áreas comerciais, assim como em áreas de MEIOSI. Contudo, a presença de plantas daninhas pode afetar a produtividade por competir por água, luz, nutrientes e espaço com as mudas de cana-de-açúcar. A integração dos métodos cultural, mecânico e químico proporciona o controle das plantas daninhas, de modo que não afetem a produtividade e longevidade do canavial. O controle mecânico através da operação de quebra-lombo associado ao controle químico é uma das ferramentas utilizadas. Assim como o controle químico que através dos herbicidas residuais garantem controle das plantas daninhas durante o estabelecimento da cultura no campo. Contudo, as mudas de cana-de-açúcar possuem raízes que ficam em contato com o herbicida na camada de solo tratada, afetando a questão da seletividade. Dessa forma, o manejo de plantas daninhas no sistema de plantio com MPB proporciona um campo de novos estudos e discussões.The use of pre-sprouted seedlings (MPB) of sugarcane is a technology that provides sanity, vigor and uniformity of planting with a focus on quality and yield, for the formation of nurseries and replanting of commercial areas, as well as in areas of MEIOSI. However, the presence of weeds can affect the yield by competing for water, light, nutrients and space with sugarcane seedlings. The integration of the cultural, mechanical and chemical methods provides control of the weeds, so that they do not affect the yield and longevity of the sugarcane field. The mechanical control through the break-back operation associated with chemical control is one of the tools used. As well as the chemical control that through the residual herbicides guarantees a greater control of weeds during the establishment of the crop in the field. However, sugarcane seedlings have roots that are in contact with the herbicide in the treated soil layer, affecting the selectivity. Thus, weed management in the MPB planting system provides a field of new studies and discussions

Efeito de sulfentrazone no sistema integrado palha de cana-de-açúcar, herbicida e vinhaça no desenvolvimento inicial da tiririca (Cyperus rotundus)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the interactions among sugarcane mulch residue, the herbicide sulfentrazone and different application methods of vinasse, a sugarcane industry residue, on the initial development of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.). A greenhouse experiment was set up using pots with soil, in randomized complete blocks, with four replications and the following treatments were studied: control (C), straw alone (P), vinasse alone (V), herbicide alone (H), straw + vinasse (PV), straw + herbicide (PH), herbicide + vinasse applied before the herbicide (HVa), herbicide + vinasse applied after the herbicide (HVd), herbicide + vinasse applied together (HVj), straw + herbicide + vinasse applied before the herbicide (PHVa), straw + herbicide + vinasse applied after the herbicide (PHVd) and straw + herbicide + vinasse applied together (PHVj). Sulfentrazone was applied at the rate of 700 g ha-1, and in the treatments HVj, sulfentrazone was diluted in water until ¼ of the necessary volume, the remaining ¾ being completed with vinasse. In the statistical analysis the F test was used while the Scheffé test was employed to study the following contrasts: C x H, C x P, Cx V, C x treatments with H, C x treatments with S; C x treatments with V; without herbicide x with herbicide; without straw x with straw, without vinasse x with vinasse, HVa x HVd; HVa x HVj, HVa x HVj; HVa x SHVa, HVd x SHVd, HVj x SHVj, SHVa x SHVd, SHVd x SHVj and SHVd x SHVj. It was uses the Duncan’s test for the umidity straw avaliation. It was concluded that sulfentrazone applied alone or on the sugar cane mulch residue or with vinasse applied before, after or in mixture with herbicide controlled the initial development of purple nutsedge. Sugar cane mulch residue reduced the initial development of purple nutsedge but the height of plants was increased due to etiolation. Vinasse applied on the soil without sugar cane mulch residue and without sulfentrazone stimulated the development of this weed. There wasn’t difference among appling vinasse before, after or in mixture with sulfentrazone in the treatments with or without straw.      O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da interação palha de cana-de-açúcar, do herbicida sulfentrazone e de diferentes meios de aplicação de vinhaça no desenvolvimento inicial da tiririca (C. rotundus). O experimento foi instalado em vasos com terra, em casa de vegetação, e disposto em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, sendo avaliados, vinte oito dias após a instalação do experimento, os tratamentos: controle (C); apenas palha (P); apenas vinhaça (V); apenas o herbicida (H), palha + vinhaça (PV); palha + herbicida (PH); herbicida + vinhaça aplicada antes do herbicida (HVa); herbicida + vinhaça aplicada depois do herbicida (HVd); herbicida + vinhaça aplicada junto com o herbicida (HVj); palha + herbicida + vinhaça aplicada antes do herbicida (PHVa); palha + herbicida + vinhaça aplicada depois do herbicida (PHVd); e palha + herbicida + vinhaça aplicada junto com o herbicida (PHVj). Sulfentrazone foi aplicado na dose de 700 g ha-1 e nos tratamentos HVj foi diluído com água até ¼ do volume necessário e completado com vinhaça. Na análise estatística empregou-se o teste F e quando houve significância das variáveis, o teste de Scheffé foi usado para avaliar os contrastes: C x H; C x P; C x V; C x H; C x tratamentos com palha; C x tratamentos com vinhaça; sem H x com H; sem P x com P; sem V x com V; HVa x HVd; HVa x HVj; HVd x HVj; HVa x PHVa; HVd x PHVd; HVj x PHVj; PHVa x PHVd; PHVa x PHVj e PHVd x PHVj. Para avaliar o nível de umidade da palha foi empregado o teste de Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. Concluiu-se que sulfentrazone, tanto em aplicação isolada como sobre palha ou associado à vinhaça aplicada antes, depois ou em mistura com o produto, controlou o desenvolvimento inicial da tiririca. A deposição da palha sobre o solo reduziu o desenvolvimento inicial da tiririca, mas aumentou a altura das plantas devido ao estiolamento. A vinhaça aplicada sobre o solo descoberto e sem herbicida estimulou o desenvolvimento da tiririca; entretanto, associada à palha e ao sulfentrazone, reduziu o crescimento. Não houve diferença entre aplicação de vinhaça antes, depois e mesmo em mistura com sulfentrazone nos tratamentos sem ou com palha

Effects of environment on quality of tomato transplanting plants

Com a finalidade de verificar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e intensidade luminosa sobre a qualidade das mudas de tomateiro cv Roma VF, foi instalado um experimento em con dições de estufa de vidro, no Setor de Horticultura da ESALQ, Piracicaba (SP). Os tratamentos consistiram em plantas sombreadas, com e sem adubação. Foram observados a altura, diâmetro do caule, e desenvolvimento do sistema radicular das mudas após 32 dias de germinação e os níveis de carboidratos e nitrato no caule. Dos resultados concluiu-se que a adubação nitrogenada na fase de muda é muito importante para se obter plantas sadias e fortes e em condições sombreadas, com adubação nitrogenada, as mudas são maiores, com alto teor de nitrato, enquanto que em condições de pleno sol e adubada, elas possuem maior diâmetro e sistema radicular mais desenvolvido.In order to study the effects of shading and unshading combined with N fertilizing on tomato transplanting plants, an experiment in greenhouse conditions was carried on. It was concluded that N is important to produce healthy and strong plants. Under shading plus N fertilization, plants are taller and have high nitrate contents, while under unshading plus N fertilization, plants have higher diameter and more developed root system

Eficácia de herbicidas isolados e em associações no controle em pós‑emergência de plantas daninhas

It is essential the rotation of mechanisms of action in the management of glyphosate resistant weeds, in this context the use of ALS inhibitor herbicides in association can aid in the control. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of sulfometuron, chlorimuron and other sulfonylureas, isolated and in associations in the control of Wild Poinsettia, Morning Glory and Greater Beggarticks. Three greenhouse experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments corresponded to the herbicides applied in post-emergence of the weed plus the control (without application), when these were with two completely developed leaves. The results showed that sulfometuron (15 g ha-1 a.i.) + chlorimuron (20 g ha-1 a.i.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 a.e.) was effective in the control of Wild Poinsettia, and halosulfuron treatment (80 g ha-1 a.i.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 a.e.) provided a control of 76.25%. The application of sulfometuron (15 g ha-1 a.i.) + chlorimuron (20 g ha-1 a.i.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 a.e.) was effective in the control of Morning Glory. All herbicides treatments were effective in the post-emergence control of Greater Beggarticks.É essencial a rotação de mecanismos de ação de herbicidas no manejo de plantas daninhas resistentes ao glyphosate, neste contexto o uso de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ALS em associação pode auxiliar no controle. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de sulfometuron, chlorimuron e outras sulfonilureias, isolados ou em associação com glyphosate, no controle de amendoim-bravo, corda-de-viola e picão-preto. Foram realizados três experimentos em casa-de-vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos corresponderam aos herbicidas aplicados em pós-emergência das plantas daninhas mais a testemunha (sem aplicação), quando estas estavam com duas folhas completamente desenvolvidas. Os resultados evidenciaram que sulfometuron (15 g ha-1 i.a.) + chlorimuron (20 g ha-1 i.a.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 e.a.), foi eficaz no controle de amendoim-bravo, e o tratamento halosulfuron (80 g ha-1 i.a.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 e.a.) propiciou controle de 76,25%. A aplicação de sulfometuron (15 g ha-1 i.a.) + chlorimuron (20 g ha-1 i.a.) + glyphosate (960 g ha-1 e.a.), foi eficaz no controle de corda-de-viola. Todos os tratamentos herbicidas foram eficazes no controle em pós-emergência de picão-preto