The use of thymol, carvacrol and sorbic acid in microencapsules to control Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Minnesota and S. Typhimurium in broilers

Introduction: The control of Salmonella spp. in poultry involves different biosecurity actions and lately has been complicated by the emergence of multidrug resistant serovars. The application of organic acids and essential oils has been used with different approaches due to the antibacterial properties as food preservatives. The use of these molecules in animal feed to control enteric pathogens is a major interest within the poultry industry. Methods: The use of a blend containing nature-identical compounds of sorbic acid (25%), thymol (9.5%) and carvacrol (2.5%) microencapsulated in a lipid matrix, was investigated in the present work, for the control of three Salmonella serovars (S. ser. Typhimurium, S. ser. Heidelberg and S. ser. Minnesota). Commercial broilers were challenged at 3 or at 33 days of age. Groups SH-1, SM-1 and ST-1, received treatment in the feed, at 2 kg/ton from 1–21 days of age and at 1 kg/ton from 35–42 days of age (last week), while groups SH-2, SM-2 and ST-2, were treated only during the last week receiving 2 kg/ton. Each treated group had an untreated control group, that was challenged at the same moment with the respective serovar (groups PCH, PCM and PCT). The challenge strains were enumerated in liver and cecal contents, weekly after challenge, at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days-of-age. Results and discussion: Significant reduction was noticed at 7 and 14 days of age in all groups that received treatment during the initial phase (p < 0.05). Moreover, the body weight was significantly higher at the last experimental day (p < 0.05) in chickens that received treatment at the initial and at the final growth stages

Traditional scientific data vs. uncoordinated citizen science effort: A review of the current status and comparison of data on avifauna in Southern Brazil

<div><p>Data generated by citizen science is particularly valuable in ecological research. If used discerningly with data from traditional scientific references, citizen science can directly contribute to biogeography knowledge and conservation policies by increasing the number of species records in large geographic areas. Considering the current level of knowledge on south Brazilian avifauna, the large volume of data produced by uncoordinated citizen science effort (CS), and the growing need for information on changes in abundance and species composition, we have compiled an updated, general list of bird species occurrence within the state of Paraná. We have listed extinct, invasive and recently-colonizing species as well as indicator species of the state’s vegetation types. We further assess the degree of knowledge of different regions within the state based on data from traditional scientific references, and the effect of including CS data in the same analysis. We have compiled data on 766 bird species, based on 70,346 individual records from traditional scientific references, and 79,468 from CS. Extinct and invasive species were identified by comparing their occurrence and abundance over a series of three time periods. Indicator species analysis pointed to the existence of three areas with bird communities typically found within the state: the Semideciduous Tropical Forest, the Tropical Rainforest and the junction of Grassland and Araucaria Moist Forest. We used rarefaction to measure sampling sufficiency, and found that rarefaction curves reached stabilization for all vegetation types except in Savanna. We observed differences in the level of knowledge of bird biodiversity among the microregions of the state, but including CS data, these differences were mitigated. The same effect was observed in other exploratory analyzes conducted here, emphasizing the fundamental importance of including CS data in macroecological studies. Production of easily accessible data and its unrestricted availability makes CS a very important tool, especially in highly diverse regions as the Neotropics, as it can offer a more accurate picture of bird composition in comparison to the exclusive use of traditional scientific references.</p></div

Comparisons between traditional scientific references data by themselves and including CS data.

<p>Boxplots comparing: (A) number of species per vegetation type, (B) number of indicator species per vegetation type, (C) number of extinct species per vegetation type and in the whole state of Paraná, and (D) number of native invasive species per vegetation type, both excluding and including CS data. * Statistically significant differences. Open circles represent extreme values found for some vegetation types. SA—Savanna, FES—Semideciduous Tropical Forest.</p

Sample-based rarefaction curves comparing bird species richness in Paraná.

<p>Specimen occurrences were compiled from the primary and secondary lists, using decades as sample units and starting at 1820, (A) excluding CS data, and (B) including CS data. EGL—Grassland, FES -Semideciduous Tropical Forest, FOD—Tropical Rainforest, FOM—Araucaria Moist Forest, SA—Savanna, Total—considering the whole state of Paraná.</p

Comparisons between traditional scientific references data alone, and including CS data.

<p>Boxplots comparing: (A) number of records per microregion, (B) number of species per microregion, (C) number of sources of information per microregion, and (D) number of sites with records per microregion, both excluding and including CS data. For ease of representation, due to the large range of values, logarithmic scale was used. * statistically significant differences. Open circles represent extreme values found for microregions.</p

Phytogeographic map of Paraná state and quadrat divisions used for analyses.

<p>Vegetation types of the state of Paraná depicting quadrats analyzed, in a different color. For the analyses, only records obtained in the state of Paraná were used. Vegetation types: EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest; SA–Savanna.</p

Indicator species of each vegetation type.

<p>Number of species, indicator species and exclusive species for each vegetation type individually and in different combinations of types, both excluding (BM) and including CS data (BM+CS). Vegetation types: EGL–Grassland; FES–Semideciduous Tropical Forest; FOD–Tropical Rainforest; FOM–Araucaria Moist Forest; SA–Savanna. Data presented in descending order of number of indicator species (BM+CS).</p

Alimentação do jundiá com dietas contendo óleos de arroz, canola ou soja Feeding of jundiá with diets containing rice, canola or soybean oils

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de óleos vegetais no desenvolvimento corporal e composição do filé de jundiás. Foram testadas seis dietas (32%PB), sendo avaliados óleos de arroz, canola ou soja com 5 ou 10% de inclusão, durante 90 dias. Os peixes (180, peso inicial=71,0&plusmn;0,8g) foram distribuídos ao acaso em 18 caixas (280L) de um sistema de recirculação de água, com temperatura controlada. Para avaliação de desempenho, estimaram-se variáveis como peso, comprimentos totais, padrão, altura caudal, sobrevivência, taxa de crescimento específico, fator de condição, consumo diário, conversão alimentar aparente e rendimento de partes comestíveis. Além disso, foram avaliadas a composição centesimal e taxas de deposição de proteína e gordura nos filés. Não houve diferenças entre os óleos e os níveis sobre o crescimento dos peixes; entretanto, os jundiás alimentados com 10% de óleo depositaram mais gordura no filé. Conclui-se que os óleos de canola, arroz e soja proporcionam bom crescimento e rendimento de partes comestíveis. As dietas contendo óleo de canola, com 5% de inclusão, possibilitam menor deposição de gordura no filé.The influence of vegetable oils in the body development of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) and its relationship with the flesh quality were evaluated in the present study. Six diets (32% of crude protein) with rice, canola or soybean oil at 5 or 10% of inclusion were tested, for 90 days. The fishes (180, initial weight=71&plusmn; 0.8g) were randomly distributed in 18 boxes (280L) in a water re-use system, with controlled temperature. The following parameters were considered for evaluation of fish performance: weight, total and standard length, survival, specific growth rate, condition factor, daily consumption, food conversion ratio, carcass and fillet yield, proximate composition and protein and fat deposition in the filets. There were no differences for the productive parameters among the tested treatments. Fishes fed with higher oil levels in the diets deposited larger fat percentage in the fillet. Canola, rice and soybean oils used as alternatives in diets in rearing of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen) provide good growth and carcass and fillet yield. Diets containing 5% of canola oil lead to a small fat deposition in the fillet of jundiás juveniles