Effect of ohmic heating on functionality of sodium caseinate: a relationship with protein gelation

Sodium caseinate (NaCAS) is widely used in the food industry to provide nutritional and functional benefits. This work deals with the effects of applying moderate electric fields (MEF) of different intensity - ranging from 2V·cm1 to 17V·cm1 - on the physical and functional properties of NaCAS solutions during Ohmic heating (OH) at 95°C. Self-standing gels were produced regardless the heating technique applied (i.e. conventional or OH), and these gels were much more prone to physical rupture when compared with the ones produced from unheated NaCAS. Interestingly, OH treatment formed gels with lower values of strain at rupture and water holding capacity than unheated samples; this pattern was not observed for gels obtained through the conventional heating treatment (at 0V·cm1). These effects may be linked with disturbances of the distribution of random coil structures and enhanced solubility of NaCAS at its isoelectric point, reducing aggregation and impairing the development of a more compact protein network. Results show that OH presents potential to be used as volumetric heating tool for NaCAS solubilization and for the production of distinctive acidified systems.CNPq -Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000004)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Revaluation of the Glossopterids from the Lower Permian of Cambaí Grande Outcrop, Paraná Basin, RS

O Afloramento Cambaí Grande está localizado no Município de São Gabriel, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, sendo conhecido pela ocorrência de uma associação ímpar, composta de conchas de pelecípodes marinhos associados a restos vegetais de alguns elementos da “Flora Glossopteris”. O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo a reavaliação da paleoflora de Cambaí Grande, bem como a reanálise do posicionamento estratigráfico do afloramento. Para tanto, foi realizada a revisão do material paleobotânico existente em coleções e uma redescrição da seção aflorante. A seqüência aflorante está dividida em duas seções bem definidas (uma inferior e outra superior), sendo que os megafósseis vegetais estudados encontram-se na parte basal da seção superior. Diferentemente do que se encontra estabelecido na literatura, as correlações com sondagens indicaram que o Afloramento Cambaí Grande posiciona-se estratigraficamente no intervalo correspondente à porção médio-superior da Formação Rio Bonito e não na porção superior do Grupo Itararé. Além disso, o conteúdo paleobotânico levantado por diversos autores compreendia, até o presente trabalho, a presença dos gêneros Gangamopteris, Samaropsis, Cordaicarpus e Cordaites, afora restos não identificados atribuídos a algas e a um cone de gimnosperma. Este estudo, no entanto, confirmou a presença do primeiro registro de folhas do tipo Glossopteris na paleoflora de Cambaí Grande, além da ocorrência, pela primeira vez, da espécie indiana Gangamopteris cyclopteroides Feistmantel, o que aumenta a possibilidade de correlação desta associação com as das paleofloras mais jovens, pertencentes à Formação Rio Bonito, e com aquelas dos estágios florísticos indianos.The Cambaí Grande Outcrop, located in the municipality of São Gabriel of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, southernmost Brazil, is characterized by the occurrence of an exclusive fossil assemblage composed of marine invertebrate shells associated with some plant remains of elements from the “Glossopteris Flora”. The main goal of this work is to reevaluate the “Cambaí Grande Flora” as well as section reanalysis. Therefore, the authors reviewed the existing paleobotanical material deposited at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) and Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS) and redescribed the outcrop section. The outcrop sequence is 60 m thick and is divided into two well defined sections (both upper and lower). The studied plants were found in the basal part of the upper section. Besides the paleobotanical contents like Gangamopteris, Samaropsis, Cordaicarpus, Cordaites, unidentified remains of algal filaments and a cone of gymnosperm previously recorded by several authors and not properly understood thus far have been analyzed. This study confirmed for the first time the presence of Glossopteris-type leaves and the Indian species Gangamopteris cyclopteroides Feistmantel in the Cambaí Grande flora which increases the possibility of a correlation of this plant assemblage with that of the Rio Bonito Formation, Brazil, and those of the younger horizons of India

Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Background Pharmacological treatments have been successfully used to treat Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). Benzodiazepine and non benzodiazepine anxiolytics used to be the mainstay for the pharmacological treatment of GAD. However, data emerging over the last two decades have shown that antidepressants may be as effective as anxiolytics in this condition. The use of antidepressants may also be beneficial , because GAD often coexists with major depressive disorder (62% comorbidity) and dysthymia (37%). Objectives To assess the efficacy and acceptability of antidepressants for treating generalized anxiety disorder. Search methods Cochrane Collaboration Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Controlled Trials Register - CCDANCTR (up to May 2002), Anxiety Neurosis (up to May 2002) and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL/CCTR) (up to May 2002), MEDLINE (1966 to May 2002), LILACS (1982 to May 2002); reference searching; personal communication; conference abstracts and book chapters on the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Selection criteria Randomized controlled trials were included. Non randomized studies and those that included patients with both GAD and another Axis I co-morbidity were excluded. Data collection and analysis The data from studies were extracted independently by two reviewers. Relative risks, weighted mean difference and number needed to treat were estimated. People who died or dropped out were regarded as having had no improvement. Main results Antidepressants (imipramine, venlafaxine and paroxetine) were found to be superior to placebo in treating GAD. The calculated NNT for antidepressants inGADis 5.15.Dropout rates did not differ between antidepressants. Only one study presented data on imipramine and trazodone. Imipramine was chosen as the reference drug and, therefore, data on trazodone could not be included in the meta analysis. Only one study was conducted among children and adolescents (Rynn 2000). This showed very promising results of sertraline in children and adolescents with GAD, which warrants replication in larger samples. Authors’ conclusions The available evidence suggests that antidepressants are superior to placebo in treating GAD. There is evidence fromone trial suggesting that paroxetine and imipramine have a similar efficacy and tolerability. There is also evidence from placebo-controlled trials suggesting that these drugs are well tolerated by GAD patients. Further trials of antidepressants for GAD will help to demonstrate which antidepressants should be used for which patients

Prevalência e fatores associados à autopercepção corporal em escolares do nordeste brasileiro

Objetivou-se avaliar a autopercepção corporal em escolares da rede pública de ensino de Campina Grande e examinar a associação com o sexo, a idade e o estado nutricional. Estudo transversal com 1081 crianças de cinco a dez anos. As crianças foram pesadas e medidas segundo procedimentos padronizados. O estado nutricional foi obtido por meio do IMC/I. Para a avaliação da percepção corporal utilizou-se a escala Children’s Body Image Scale. A prevalência de sobrepeso foi de 75,9%. Crianças com sobrepeso e obesas apresentaram maiores percentuais de insatisfação corporal. Das crianças obesas, 73,7% perceberam-se mais magras. Constatou-se que 94,7% dos escolares com sobrepeso, 98% dos obesos e 41,8% dos eutróficos gostariam de ser mais magros, enquanto 83,3% dos desnutridos desejariam ser mais gordos. A visão mais distorcida do corpo verificou-se nas crianças mais velhas e nos meninos. Aponta-se que o sexo, a idade e o estado nutricional podem influenciar a percepção corporal

Development and characterization of lactoferrin-GMP nanohydrogels : evaluation of pH, ionic strength and temperature effect

Lactoferrin (Lf) and glycomacropeptide (GMP), two bioactive proteins from milk, were used to produce nanohydrogels by electrostatic interaction and thermal gelation. Parameters such as protein concentration, molar ratio, pH, temperature and heating time were evaluated in order to develop the nanohydrogels, which were characterized in terms of morphology (Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM, Dynamic Light Scattering DLS, Atomic Force Microscopy AFM and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy CLSM) and stability. The aggregation of the mixture between Lf and GMP increased with the increase of temperature, resulting in particles with lower hydrodynamic diameter and polydispersity index (PdI). Nanohydrogels were obtained from the mixture of Lf and GMP solutions (0.02% (w/w) in molar ratio 1:7) at pH 5.0, and subsequently stirred and heated at 80 °C, during 20 min. Results showed that nanohydrogels have a spherical shape with a hydrodynamic diameter around 170 nm, a PdI of 0.1 and a swelling ratio of 30. The minimum size of nanohydrogels depends on protein concentration and molar ratio. Decreasing the protein concentrations and increasing the content of GMP molecules in solution, the hydrodynamic diameter and PdI of nanohydrogels decreased. The electrical charge values of nanohydrogels at different pH values suggest that Lf molecules are in the surface and GMP molecules are mostly in the core of the structure (confirmed by confocal microscopy). Also, it was observed that nanohydrogels' hydrodynamic diameter and PdI, after formation, are influenced when submitted at different conditions of pH, ionic strength and temperature. Lf-GMP nanohydrogels showed properties that indicate that they are a promising delivery system for food and pharmaceutical applications.The authors Ana I. Bourbon, Ana C. Pinheiro, Ricardo N. Pereira and Miguel A. Cerqueira are recipient of fellowships from the Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, POPH-QREN and FSE (FCT, Portugal) through grants SFRH/BD/73178/2010, SFRH/BD/48120/2008, SFRH/BPD/81887/2011 and SFRH/BPD/72753/2010, respectively. Maria G. Carneiro-da-Cunha express is gratitude to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) for research grant. The authors would like to acknowledge to Jorge Padrao from Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho and Andre Coelho from Federal University of Ceara for helping in electrophoresis measurements and to Rui Fernandes from IBMC, University of Porto for assistance in taking the TEM pictures. Also, the authors thank the FCT Strategic Projects PEst-OE/EQB/LA0023/2013 and PEst-C/EQB/LA0006/2013 (FCT and FEDER funds through COMPETE). The work also received financial support from the European Union (FEDER funds) under the framework of QREN (Programa Operacional Regional do Norte (ON.2 - O Novo Norte; FEDER) through projects NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000028 and NORTE-07-0124-FEDER-000069

Effect of Y-trellis and Vertical Shoot Positioning Training Systems on Downy Mildew and Botrytis Bunch Rot of Grape in Highlands of Southern Brazil

Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) and botrytis bunch rot (Botrytis cinerea) are important diseases in the highlands of Santa Catarina State, a relatively new wine-growing region in Brazil. Although it is known that training systems can affect microclimate and subsequent disease development, this has not been examined in the highlands of Brazil. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of Y-trellis (YT) and vertical shoot positioning (VSP) training system on downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot disease development in “Cabernet Sauvignon” cultivar. Experiments were carried out in commercial vineyards in São Joaquim, SC Municipality, southern Brazil, during the year 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. Downy mildew incidence and severity were quan-tified weekly from the first symptoms appearance on leaves, and botrytis bunch rot incidence was evaluated at harvest. Disease progress curves were constructed compared according to: (a) begin-ning of symptoms appearance; (b) time to maximum disease incidence and severity; (c) maximum disease incidence and severity; and (d) area under the incidence and severity disease progress curve. Results showed significant differences in downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot intensity among grape training systems, where VSP training system showed significantly lower area under the inci-dence and severity disease progress curve and intensity of downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot in both 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 growing seasons. Collectively, the results of this study suggest VSP training system should be recommended for grapevine production to reduce both downy mildew and botrytis bunch rot in the highlands regions of southern Brazil

Soil Class Prediction By Data Mining In An Area Of The Sedimentary São Francisco Basin

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes estratégias para a predição da distribuição de classes de solo em mapas pedológicos digitais de áreas sem dados de referência, na bacia sedimentar do São Francisco, no Norte de Minas Gerais. As estratégias incluíram: o detalhamento da legenda, o treinamento por observações em campo, a ampliação do conjunto de treinamento e o uso de diferentes algoritmos de mineração de dados. Foram elaboradas quatro matrizes, diferenciadas pelo volume de dados, para o aprendizado dos algoritmos, e pelo nível taxonômico das classes de solo a serem preditas. Avaliou-se o desempenho dos algoritmos de aprendizado de máquina - Random Forest, J48 e MLP -, associados a procedimentos de discretização, balanceamento de classes, seleção de variáveis e expansão do conjunto de treinamento. O balanceamento de classes, a discretização de variáveis por frequências iguais e o algoritmo Random Forest apresentaram os melhores desempenhos. A extensão da representatividade das observações em campo, que presume uma área de treinamento mais ampla, não trouxe ganho preditivo. A generalização taxonômica para subordem diminui a fragmentação dos polígonos mapeados e aumenta a acurácia dos mapas pedológicos digitais. Quando são produzidos após treinamento por observações de solo in situ, na área de mapeamento, os mapas pedológicos digitais têm valores de acurácia equivalentes aos dos treinados em mapas preexistentes.5191396140