Database of Pines from the Forests paper: "Intraspecific Variation in Pines from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Grown Under Two Watering Regimes: Implications for Management of Genetic Resources"

<p>Raw data from the Forests paper: "Intraspecific Variation in Pines from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt Grown under Two Watering Regimes: Implications for Management of Genetic Resources" Forests <strong>2018</strong> <em>9</em>(2), 71. doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f9020071">10.3390/f9020071. </a></p> <p>The database correspond to seedlings of four Mexican pines: <em>P. oocarpa, P. patula</em> and <em>P. pseudostrobus</em>, that were submitted to two watering treatments: Field Capacity (FC) and Drought-Stress (DS), during 90 days. Growth and biomass, survival and ontogenetic score were measured.</p

Distribution function of survival by provenance during the PEG-induced osmotic stress experiment, estimated by Kaplan-Meier method.

<p>Distribution function of survival by provenance during the PEG-induced osmotic stress experiment, estimated by Kaplan-Meier method.</p

Genetic Variation of Drought Tolerance in <i>Pinus pinaster</i> at Three Hierarchical Levels: A Comparison of Induced Osmotic Stress and Field Testing

<div><p>Understanding the survival capacity of forest trees to periods of severe water stress could improve knowledge of the adaptive potential of different species under future climatic scenarios. In long lived organisms, like forest trees, the combination of induced osmotic stress treatments and field testing can elucidate the role of drought tolerance during the early stages of establishment, the most critical in the life of the species. We performed a Polyethylene glycol-osmotic induced stress experiment and evaluated two common garden experiments (xeric and mesic sites) to test for survival and growth of a wide range clonal collection of Maritime pine. This study demonstrates the importance of additive <i>vs</i> non additive effects for drought tolerance traits in <i>Pinus pinaster</i>, and shows differences in parameters determining the adaptive trajectories of populations and family and clones within populations. The results show that osmotic adjustment plays an important role in population variation, while biomass allocation and hydric content greatly influence survival at population level. Survival in the induced osmotic stress experiment presented significant correlations with survival in the xeric site, and height growth at the mesic site, at population level, indicating constraints of adaptation for those traits, while at the within population level no significant correlation existed. These results demonstrate that population differentiation and within population genetic variation for drought tolerance follow different patterns.</p> </div

Regressions between provenance BLUE’s (a, b) and family BLUP’S (c, d) of S100 with Height (b, d) and Survival (a, c) evaluated in the two field experiments (circle: Xeric Conditions, triangle: Mesic conditions).

<p>Regressions between provenance BLUE’s (a, b) and family BLUP’S (c, d) of S100 with Height (b, d) and Survival (a, c) evaluated in the two field experiments (circle: Xeric Conditions, triangle: Mesic conditions).</p

Kaplan-Meier estimators for early survival in Calderona, for two geographically-distant maritime pine origins.

<p>Four functions are shown, each one corresponding to a combination of origin and microenvironment (i.e. open- or closed-canopy cover, see legend in the figure). Differences across origins-microenvironments were highly significant (<i>p</i><0.001), as shown by log-rank tests (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109132#pone.0109132.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p

Kaplan-Meier estimators for non-emergence (A–B) and early survival (C–D) probability in the reciprocal sowing experiment.

<p>Four functions are shown, each corresponding to a combination of site and microenvironment (i.e. open- or closed-canopy cover, see legend in the figure). Differences across sites-microenvironments were highly significant (<i>p</i><0.001), as shown by log-rank tests (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109132#pone.0109132.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p

Odds ratios (OR) for the discrete-time logistic survival model.

<p>Number of observations generated: 4,560 (2,188 seedlings)</p><p>Calderona <i>site</i>, Calderona <i>origin</i>, closed canopy, and the second-time interval (between census one and two, c. 20–52 days after seedlings emerged) are the reference levels (given also between parentheses for each factor/model). SE: standard error; CI: confidence intervals.</p><p>Odds ratios (OR) for the discrete-time logistic survival model.</p

Semi-natural reciprocal sowing experiment established in maritime pine to study local adaptation at early stages of establishment.

<p>Experimental sites and population's origin are shown in red triangles. Climodiagrams (mean monthly temperature in red and monthly precipitation in blue) of both sites are also given (data from the Spanish National Meteorological Agency, after corrections using Gonzalo's phitoclimatic model for Spain <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0109132#pone.0109132-GonzaloJimnez1" target="_blank">[44]</a>). The experimental design (in the center of the figure) consisted in a split-plot with four replicates in each microenvironment (open canopy, exemplified in the photo on the left side; and closed canopy, the photo on the right side); dark grey and light grey boxes represent the two origins tested (Coca and Calderona).</p

Incorporating exposure to pitch canker disease to support management decisions of <i>Pinus pinaster</i> Ait. in the face of climate change

<div><p>Climate change is gravely affecting forest ecosystems, resulting in large distribution shifts as well as in increasing infection diseases and biological invasions. Accordingly, forest management requires an evaluation of exposure to climate change that should integrate both its abiotic and biotic components. Here we address the implications of climate change in an emerging disease by analysing both the host species (<i>Pinus pinaster</i>, Maritime pine) and the pathogen’s (<i>Fusarium circinatum</i>, pitch canker) environmental suitability i.e. estimating the host’s risk of habitat loss and the disease`s future environmental range. We constrained our study area to the Spanish Iberian Peninsula, where accurate climate and pitch canker occurrence databases were available. While <i>P</i>. <i>pinaster</i> is widely distributed across the study area, the disease has only been detected in its north-central and north-western edges. We fitted species distribution models for the current distribution of the conifer and the disease. Then, these models were projected into nine Global Climate Models and two different climatic scenarios which totalled to 18 different future climate predictions representative of 2050. Based on the level of agreement among them, we created future suitability maps for the pine and for the disease independently, which were then used to assess exposure of current populations of <i>P</i>. <i>pinaster</i> to abiotic and biotic effects of climate change. Almost the entire distribution of <i>P</i>. <i>pinaster</i> in the Spanish Iberian Peninsula will be subjected to abiotic exposure likely to be driven by the predicted increase in drought events in the future. Furthermore, we detected a reduction in exposure to pitch canker that will be concentrated along the north-western edge of the study area. Setting up breeding programs is recommended in highly exposed and productive populations, while silvicultural methods and monitoring should be applied in those less productive, but still exposed, populations.</p></div

Phenotypic Data

Survival and total height (cm) field measurements in four maritime pine common garden trials. The four trials (Asturias, Portugal, Madrid and Cáceres) have the same number of clones, with eight replicates per genotype, in a randomized complete block design. The four trial sites provided contrasting environmental conditions