Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time, and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space. While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes, vast areas of the tropics remain understudied. In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity, but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases. To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge, it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost

Consolidation And Break-up Of The South American Platform In Southeastern Brazil: Tectonothermal And Denudation Histories

The different tectonic stages that occurred at the end of the Proterozoic and during the Phanerozoic have an important bearing on the tectonothermal history of the South American Platform and its consolidation. Geochronological data (U/Pb monazite, 40Ar/39Ar whole rock) and apatite fission-track analysis, from Precambrian rocks of the southeastern Brazilian coastline, permit the modeling of a long-term thermal history of the crust and constrain variable denudation rates. Using these data, a temperature-time diagram reflects a period of accelerated exhumation during the end of the Brasiliano Orogeny, followed by long stability and reactivation of the platform during the Rifting Phase of the South Atlantic Ocean. U/Pb zircon and monazite (blocking temperature of ca. 650°C) data from a series of igneous bodies suggest that a tangential and transpressional tectonic regime occurred between 625 and 610 Ma. During the following escape tectonics, between 610 and 590 Ma the exhumation process indicates cooling rates of ca. 12°C/Ma. 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages between 540 and 510 Ma (ca. 300°C) and a corrected fission-track age on apatites (100°C) of 480 Ma indicate an exhumation event related to block tectonics with huge vertical displacement along shear zones. A long stabilization phase, with low exhumation, and cooling rate around 0.25°C/Ma was recorded from the Cambro/Ordovician to the Mesozoic. At 65 Ma an acceleration of the exhumation through denudation and reworking of the South American surface with cooling rate of 1.5°C/Ma is observed. The uplift of the Mantiqueira and Serra do Mar mountain ranges along the southeast Brazilian coastline works as a climatic barrier provoking lateral erosional processes causing long-term scarp retreat, combined with intense, but progressive denudation towards the continent. A denudation of 2.5 to 4 km was calculated for such processes. This lateral retreat of escarpments and flexural response can provide important insights regarding marginal isostatic uplift and the evolution of offshore sedimentary basins of southeast Brazil.7191101de Almeida, F.F.M., (1976) The System of Continental Rifts Bordering the Santos BasinAnais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 48 (SUPPL.), pp. 13-26de Almeida, F.F.M., Carneiro, C.D.R., Origem e evolução da Serra do Mar (1998) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 28, pp. 135-150Amaral, G., Born, H., Hadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Kawashita, K., Machado Jr., D.L., Oliveira, E.P., Tello Sáenz, C.A., Fission track analysis of apatites from Sāo Francisco craton and Mesozoic alcaline - Carbonatite complexes from central and southeastern Brazil (1997) J. S. Amer. Earth Sci., 10, pp. 285-294Bigazzi, G., Guedes, S., Hadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Odone, M., Osorio, A.M., Paulo, S.R., Zuniga, A., Potentialities and practical limitations of absolute neutron dosimetry using thin films of uranium and thorium applied to the fission track dating (1999) Radiation Meassurements, 31, pp. 651-656Bigazzi, G., Guedes, S., Hadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paluo, S.R., Tello, S.C.A., Application of neutron dosymetry by natural uranium and thorium thin flims in fission tracks dating (2000) Book of Extended Abstracts of 9th International Conference on Fission Track Dating and Termocronology, pp. 33-35. , Lorne, AustraliaBurbank, D.W., Anderson, R.S., (2001) Tectonic Geomorphology, p. 274. , Blackwell SciColtrinari, L., (1974) Contribuiçāo à Geomorfologia Da Região Guaratinguetá - Aparecida, p. 156. , Doctoral Thesis, Universidade de Sāo Paulo (Instituto de Geografia), Sāo Paulo (SP)Dantas, E.L., Hackspacher, P.C., Fetter, A.H., Sato, K., Pimentel, M.M., Godoy, A.M., Nd isotope systematics related to Proterozoic evolution of the Central Ribeira Belt in the State of Sāo Paulo, SE Brazil (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 140-143Gallagher, K., Brown, R.W., Johnson, C.J., Geological applications of fission track analysis (1998) Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 26, pp. 519-572Gilchrist, A.R., Summerfield, M.A., Differential denutation and flexural isostasy in formation of rifted - Margin upwarps (1990) Nature, 346, pp. 739-742Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Gleadow, A.J.W., Tingate, P.R., Laslett, G.M., Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite, 1. A qualitative description (1986) Chem. Geol. (Isotopic Geoscience Section), 59, pp. 237-253Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Laslett, G.M., Hegarty, K.A., Gleadow, A.J.W., Lovering, J.F., Thermal annealing of fission track in apatite 4: Qualitative modeling techniques and extension to geological timescales (1989) Chem. Geol. (Isotopic Geoscience Section), 79, pp. 155-162Guedes, S., Hackspacher, P.C., Hadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Tello, S.C.A., The Plio - Pleistocene period in the Mantiqueira Mountain Range, SP/MG - Brazil: Apatite fission tracks (AFTA) and tectonic significance (1999) Actas II South American Symposium on Isotope Geology, pp. 306-309. , Cordoba, ArgentinaGuedes, S., Hackspacher, P.C., Hadler, N., Iunes, J.C., Machado Jr., P.J., Paulo, S.R., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Tello, S.C.A., Thermal history by fission track analysis of Serra Negra, Salitre, Catalāo II and Tapira carbonatite complexes, Brazil: Methodological study (1999) Book of Abstracts 1st Latin America Symposium on Nuclear Tracks and Its Applications in Physics, Health, Enviromental Studies and Industry, p. 127. , Universidad Simon Bolivar - Caracas - VenezuelaGuedes, S., Hackspacher, P.C., Hadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Tello, S.C., Constraints on the Evolution and thermal history of the Continental Platform of Southeast Brazil, São Paulo State, using Fission Track Analyses (AFTA) (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 107-109Hackspacher, P.C., Godoy, A.M., Vertical displacement during late-collisional scape tectonics (Brasiliano Orogeny) in Ribeira Belt, Sāo Paulo State, Brazil (1999) J. Afri. Earth Sci., 29, pp. 25-32Hackspacher, P.C., Dantas, E.L., Spoladore, A., Fetter, A.H., Oliveira, M.A.F., Evidence for neoproterozoic backarc basin development in the Central Ribeira Belt, Southeastern Brazil: New geochronological and geochemical constraints from the Sāo Roque - Açungui Groups (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 110-114Hackspacher, P.C., Fetter, A.H., Dantas, E.L., Hadler Neto, J.C., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Tello Sáenz, C.A., Tectonothermal events of southeastern Brazil: Implications for consolidations of the South American platform (2001) South-American Symposium on Isotope Geology, 3, p. 43. , Pucón/Chile. AnaisHackspacher, P.C., Juliani, C., Fetter, A.H., Dantas, E.L., The evolution of the Central Ribeira Belt, Brazil: Implications for the assembly of west Gondwana (2001) Gondwana Res., 4, pp. 626-627Hackspacher, P.C., Fetter, A.H., Ebert, H.D., Valdecir, A., Janasi, V.A., Dantas, E.L., Oliveira, M.A.F., Braga, I., Magmatismo cálcio-alcalino a ca. 660-640 Ma no Domínio Socorro: Registros de convergência pré-colisional na aglutinaçāo do Gondwana Ocidental (2002) Revista Geologia (Universidade de Sāo Paulo), , in pressHadler, N.J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paluo, S.R., Tello Sáenz, C.A., The study of apatite fission tracks annealing: Experimental measurements of density and lenght in basal and randomly oriented faces (2000) Book of Extend Abstracts of the 9th International Conference on Fission Track Dating and Termochronology, pp. 143-145. , Lorne, AustraliaJanasi, V.A., (1999) Petrogênese de Granitos Crustais Na Nappe de Empurrão Socorro-Guaxupé (SP-MG): Uma Contribuição Da Geoquímica Elemental E Isotópica, p. 304. , Livre Docência Thesis, Universidade de Sāo Paulo. Sāo Paulo-SPJuliani, C., Hackspacher, P.C., Dantas, E.L., Fetter, A.H., The Mesoproterozoic Volcano-Sedimentary Serra do Itaberaba Group of the Central Ribeira Belt, Sāo Paulo State, Brazil: Implications for the age of the overlying Sāo Roque Group (2000) Revista Brasileira de Geociências, 30, pp. 82-86King, L.C., A geomorfologia do Brasil Oriental (1957) Revista Brasileira de Geografia, 18, pp. 147-265Krogh, T.E., A low contamination method for hydrothermal decomposition of zircon and extraction of U and Pb for isotopic age determinations (1973) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 37, pp. 485-494Laslett, G.M., Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Gleadow, A.J.W., Thermal annelaing of fission track in apatite 2: A quantitative analysis (1987) Chem. Geol. (Isotopic Geoscience Section), 65, pp. 1-3Light, M.P.R., Maslanyj, M.P., Banks, N.L., New geophysical evidence for extensional tectonics on the divergent margin offshore Namibia (1992) Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up, 68, pp. 257-270. , Stiy, B.C., Alasbater, T. and Pankurst, R.J. (Eds.), Geol. Soc. Spec. PubLutz, T.M., Omar, G., Na inverse method of modeling thermal histories from apatite fission track data (1991) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, pp. 181-195Moore, M.A., England, P.C., On the inference of denutation rates from cooling ages of minerals (2001) Earth Planetary Sci. Lett., 185, pp. 265-284Nürnberg, D., Müller, R.D., The tectonic evolution of the South Atlantic from late Jurassic to present (1991) Tectonophys., 191, pp. 27-53Park, R.G., Jaroszewzki, W., Craton tectonics and seismicity (1994) Continental Deformation, pp. 200-222. , Hancock, P.L. (Ed.), Oxford: Pergamon PressRaab, M.J., (2001) The Geomorphic Response of the Passive Continental Margin of Northern Namibia to Gondwana Break - Up and Global Scale Tectonics, p. 253. , Doctoral Thesis, Universität zu Göttingen, GöttingenRenne, P.R., Deckart, K., Ernesto, M., Féraud, G., Piccirillo, E.M., Age of the Ponta Grossa dike swarm (Brazil), and implications to Paraná flood volcanism (1996) Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 144, pp. 199-211Ribeiro, L.F.B., (2002) Morfotectônica Da Região Centro Leste Do Estado de São Paulo E Adjacências De Minas Gerais: Termocronologia E Paleotensões, p. 195. , Phd. Thesis Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro - SPSchobbenhaus, C., Campos, D.A., Derze, G.R., Asmus, H.E., (1981) Mapa Geológico Do Brasil E Da área Oceânica Adjacente Incluindo Depósitos Minerais. 1: 2 500 000, , Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, BrasíliaStacey, J.S., Kramers, J.D., Approximation of terrestrial lead isotope evolution by a two-stage model (1975) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 26, pp. 207-221Stewart, K., Turner, S., Kelley, S., Hawkesworth, C., Kirstein, Mantovani, M., 3 - D 40Ar/39Ar geochronology in the Paraná continental flood basalt province (1996) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 143, pp. 95-109Stüwe, K., White, L., Brown, R., The influence of eroding topography on steady state isotherms.Applications to fission track analysis (1994) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 124, pp. 3-74Teixeira, W., Renne, P.R., Bossi, J., Campal, N., D'Agrella Filho, M.S., 40Ar/39Ar and Rb/ Sr geochronology of the Uruguayan dyke swarm, Rio de La Prata Craton, and implications for Proterozoic intraplate activity in western Gondwana (1999) Precambrian Res., 93, pp. 153-180Tello Sáenz, C.A., (1994) Termocronologia de Algumas Regiōes Brasileiras Através Da Análise De Traços De Fissāo Em Apatitas, p. 103. , Master Dissertation. Universidade de Campinas, Campinas- SPTello Sáenz, C.A., (1998) Estudo de Annealing de Traços de Fissão Em Apatitas, Tanto Em Seçōes Basais Quanto Em Seções Sem Orientaçāo Preferencial, Análise Dos Comprimentos Dos Traços De Fissāo, p. 111. , Doctoral Thesis, Universidade de Campinas, Campinas-SPTello Sáenz, C.A., Hackspacher, P.C., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Guedes, S., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Paulo, S.R., Recognition of Cretaceous, Paleocene and Neogene tectonic reactivation through apatite fission-track analysis in Precambriam areas of southeast Brazil: association with the opening of the south Atlantic Ocean (2002) J. South Amer. Earth Sci., 15, pp. 765-774Töpfner, C., Brasiliano-Granitoide in den Bundesstaaten Sāo Paulo und Minas Gerais- eine vergleichende Studie (1996) Münchner Geologische Hefte, A17, p. 258Tucker, G.E., Singerland, R.L., Erosional dynamics, flexural isostasy, and long - Lived escarpments: A numerical modeling study (1994) J. Geophys. Res., 99, pp. 12229-12243Turner, S.P., Hawkesworth, C.J., Gallagher, K., Stewart, K., Peate, D., Mantovani, M., Mantle plumes, flood basalts and thermal models for melt generation beneath continents: Assessment of a conductive heating model (1996) J. Geophys. Res., 101, pp. 11503-1151

Synthesis and application on metal substrates of ML33 functionalized with silver nanoparticles to evaluate antibacterial activity

International audienc

Fracionamento de carboidratos e degradabilidade ruminal da cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio

Avaliaram-se o fracionamento de carboidratos e a degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) da cana-de-açúcar tratada com óxido de cálcio (CaO). Foram testadas as porcentagens de 0; 0,75; 1,5; 2,25; 3,0; 3,75 e 4,5% de CaO, e o material testemunha (cana-de-açúcar in natura) para a avaliação do fracionamento de carboidratos, e as porcentagens de 0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% de CaO para a avaliação da degradabilidade in situ da MS e da FDN. O CaO foi adicionado em pó na cana-de-açúcar, em porcentagem da matéria natural, por 24 horas. A porcentagem de inclusão de CaO na cana-de-açúcar proporcionou valores mais baixos para teores de carboidratos totais (CT) comparados aos valores da cana-de-açúcar in natura. Observou-se crescimento linear das frações A+B1 e B2, e redução na fração C da cana-de-açúcar em função da porcentagem de CaO. Os maiores valores de fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da MS e menores de fração indigestível (Ip) da FDN foram observados na cana-de-açúcar com 3,0 e 4,5% de CaO. A adição de 3,0 e 4,5% de CaO na cana-de-açúcar promove diminuição da fração indigestível dos carboidratos e melhores taxas de degradação ruminal tanto da MS quanto da FDN

Thermochronology Of The South American Platform In The State Of São Paulo, Brazil, Through Apatite Fission Tracks

The fission-track method (FTM) in apatite was applied to 45 samples collected in the Serra da Mantiqueira (Mantiqueira mountain range), the Serra do Mar (Mar mountain range), regions next to these mountain ranges and the coastal region between Ubatuba and Santos in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, to study the thermochronology of the South American Platform in southeast Brazil and its influence on Santos and Campos basins. The data presented in this work complement the previously presented data on the same region (Tello Saenz et al., 2003. J. S. Am. Earth Sci. 15, 765-774) with 31 new samples analyzed. The weighted mean of the corrected ages from high Mantiqueira (around 1000 m), (121±6)Ma, coincides with the South Atlantic opening. The fact that its thermal history starts at a relatively low temperature (∼80°C) suggests that the age of ∼120Ma would be the formation age of Serra da Mantiqueira due to a rapid pulse, in which tracks had no time to be retained at the closure temperature, that is ∼120°C. The Serra do Mar presents a more complicated thermal history, with several reactivations indicated by the changes in the slope of its cooling curve. The thermal histories obtained in the regions next to these mountain ranges are compatible with the results mentioned above. The Santos Basin has unconformities that agree with changes in the slope thermal histories of the studied region. © 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.396635640Almeida, F.F.M., Carneiro, C.D.R., Origem e evolução da Serra do Mar (1998) Rev. Bras. Geociência, 28, pp. 135-150Amaral, G., Born, H., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Kawashita, K., Machado Jr., D.L., Oliveira, E.P., Tello Saenz, C.A., Fission track analysis of apatites from São Francisco craton and mesozoic alcaline-carbonatite complexes from central and southeastern Brazil (1997) J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 10, pp. 285-294Fleischer, R.L., Hart, H.R., Fission track dating: Techniques and problems (1972) Proceedings of Burg Wartenstein Conference on Calibration of Hominoid Evolution, pp. 135-170. , W.W. Bishop D.A. Miller S. Colle Scottish Academic Press EdinburghGuedes, S., Hackspacher, P., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Tello Saenz, C.A., Constraints on the evolution and thermal history of the continental platform of southeast Brazil, São Paulo state, using Fission Track Analyses (AFTA) (2000) Rev. Bras. Geociências, 30, pp. 107-109Guedes, S., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Paulo, S.R., Zuñiga, A., The spontaneous fission decay constant of 238U using SSNTD (2000) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 245, pp. 441-442Guedes, S.O., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Zuñiga, A.G., Tello Saenz, C.A., Paulo, S.R., The use of the U(n,f) reaction dosimetry in the determination of the λf value through fission-track techniques (2003) Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 496, pp. 215-221Guedes, S., Hadler Neto, J.C., Sarkis, J.E.S., Oliveira, K.M.G., Kakazu, M.H., Iunes, P.J., Saiki, M., Paulo, S.R., Spontaneous-fission decay constant of 238U measured by nuclear techniques without neutron irradiation (2003) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 258, pp. 117-122Hadler Neto, J.C., Paulo, S.R., Iunes, P.J., Tello Saenz, C.A., Balestrieri, M.L., Bigazzi, G., Curvo, E.A.C., Hackspacher, P., A PC compatible Brazilian software for obtaining thermal histories using apatite fission track analysis (2001) Radiat. Meas., 34, pp. 149-154Hadler Neto, J.C., Bigazzi, G., Guedes, S., Iunes, P.J., Oddone, M., Tello Saenz, C.A., Paulo, S.R., Spontaneous U-238 fission half-life measurements based on fission track techniques (2003) J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 256, pp. 155-157Holden, N.E., Hoffman, D.C., Spontaneous fission half-lives ground-state nuclides (Technical report) (2000) Pure Appl. Chem., 72, pp. 1525-1562Iunes, P.J., Hadler Neto, J.C., Bigazzi, G., Tello Saenz, C.A., Guedes, S.O., Paulo, S.R., Durango apatite fission-track dating using length-based age corrections and neutron fluence measurements by thorium thin films and natural U-doped glasses calibrated through natural uranium thin films (2002) Chem. Geol., 187, pp. 201-211Laslett, G.M., Green, P.F., Duddy, I.R., Gleadow, J.W.A., Thermal annealing of fission tracks in apatite 2. The quantitative analysis (1987) Chem. Geol., 65, pp. 1-13Lutz, T.M., Omar, G., An inverse method of modeling thermal histories from apatite fission-track dates (1991) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 104, pp. 181-195Pereira, M.J., Feijó, F.J., Bacia de Santos (1994) Bol. Geociências Petrobrás, 8, pp. 219-234Tello Saenz, C.A., Hackspacher, P., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Guedes, S.O., Paulo, S.R., Ribeiro, L.F.B., Recognition of Cretaceus, Paleocene and Neogene Tectonic reactivation, through apatite fission-track analysis, in Precambrian areas of the Southeast Brazil: Association with the South Atlantic Ocean opening (2003) J. S. Am. Earth Sci., 15, pp. 765-774Tello Saenz, C.A., Hadler Neto, J.C., Iunes, P.J., Guedes, S., Paulo, S.R., Annealing experiments on induced fission tracks in apatite: I. Measurements of horizontal-confined-track lengths and track densities in basal sections and randomly oriented grains (2004) Am. Mineral., , submitte