Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test.  OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and  toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect

Osteogênese Imperfeita em cão jovem da raça pinscher

Background: Osteogenesis imperfecta is a severe genetic disease rarely described in veterinary medicine. This multisystemic condition is caused by a defect in the production and metabolization of collagen, which implicates in bone fragility. This disease has been described in cattle, sheep, domestic felines, mouse and dogs of different breeds, including collie, golden retriever, beagle, dachshund and chow chow. Animals affected by this condition present multiple fractures without previous occurrence of trauma. Therefore, this report aimed to describe a case of osteogenesis imperfecta type III in a miniature pinscher dog.Case: A 1-year-old male miniature pinscher dog, was admitted for clinical evaluation in Fortaleza, Brazil, with a history of spontaneous fractures without known causes. This animal was maintained indoors, fed on dry feed and presented recurrent events of claudication and pain. In the physical examination, the individual walked solely with the forelimbs, avoiding the use of the hind limbs and presented pain behavior. Bulging of the skull was observed laterally, which promoted a triangular appearance of head and face. Fontanelles were soft, and the eyes presented blueish sclera and corneal opacity. Teeth were small, translucid, fragile and deformed. Radiography images revealed bulging of the calvaria and persistent fontanelles with open cranial sutures. In addition, cranial convolutions were less clear, which was compatible with hydrocephalus. Dental roots were narrow, short and presented partial pulp obliteration. The radiographic contrast of the dentin was low with a reduction of periapical radiolucency. Bone radiopacity was low in the bones of the abdomen and pelvis, in addition to femur. Metaphysis of the right tibia was enlarged and angular. Multiple fractures were identified in the pelvis with the formation of opaque bony calluses and bone marrow sclerosis. Physiological parameters and blood test results were unaltered. After the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta type III, treatment was performed with meloxicam 0.1 mg/kg, SID, VO) and tramadol (2 mg/kg, TID, VO) until pain was controlled. When the patient was stable, the treatment was halted until the next event of fractures followed by pain.Discussion: Type I collagen is considered the most abundant protein in connective tissue, accounting for 95% of the various types of collagen found in bone tissue. In osteogenesis imperfecta, there is a shortage in coding of type I collagen, which prevents this protein from exerting its structural functions properly. In addition, it is subjected to intra and extracellular degradation, affecting cell migration and differentiation and, concomitantly, cell-matrix interaction. Hence, these changes are considered the main pathophysiological factors of osteogenesis imperfecta. There is a wide range of phenotypic presentations in individuals with osteogenesis imperfecta. However, there is a pattern of fractures and features that aid clinically and radiologically in the characterization of the disease and form the basis for case identification and diagnosis. In this case, the diagnosis was concluded primarily considering significant clinical signs, such as: repetitive fractures, triangular face, bulging of the skull, bluish sclera and corneal opacity. Radiographic examinations were used to confirm the diagnosis and to aid in treating the fractures. Although the genetic test provides a better understanding of the disease, it was not performed in this case, as it is routinely unavailable in many treatment centers. In conclusion, we described a case of osteogenesis imperfecta in a miniature pinscher dog

Estudo da ocorrência de leishmaniose visceral no município de Crateús – CE

The municipality of Cratéus, located in the western state of Ceará, Brazil has a high number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). VL is caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi, which infects humans and other mammals. The life cycle of this parasite includes an invertebrate host, the sandfly (Diptera: psycodidae), considered the main vector of L. infantum chagasi in Brazil. The LV has distribution in all regions of the world, being absent only in Antarctica. In Brazil, recorded about 3,000 new cases of leishmaniasis each year in which the Northeast region has 77 % of these. In the state of Ceará, the LV is currently is in process of extension in magnitude and geography. This work consisted in analyzing the occurrence of LV, such as geography, age and seasonality in the municipality of Cratéus. In the period from 2003 to 2013 were reported seventy-seven cases of VL, with a prevalence of 81.82 % in the urban area, with an average of seven cases per year. There was an increase in the number of cases of this disease in the municipality of Cratéus until 2006, which recorded the highest incidence (21.97 cases per 100,000 inhabitants). In the three years following, remained an average of ten cases per year and from 2010 there was a significant reduction, with an average of 2.5 cases per year, which recorded one, four, three and two cases of VL in the years 2010, 2011 and 2013 respectively. Given these findings, it is clear the need for further studies on the phlebotomine fauna of this city, considering the period and climatic factors and improve the information on seasonality so that we can strengthen the control strategies of the LV.O município de Crateús, situado na região oeste do estado do Ceará, Brasil apresenta elevado número de casos de Leishmaniose Visceral (LV). A LV é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum chagasi, que infecta o homem e outros mamíferos. O ciclo de vida deste protozoário inclui um hospedeiro invertebrado, o flebotomíneo (Diptera: psycodidae), considerado o principal vetor da L. infantum chagasi no Brasil. A LV tem distribuição em todas as regiões do mundo, estando ausente apenas na Antártida. No Brasil, são registrados aproximadamente 3.000 novos casos de leishmaniose por ano, no qual a região Nordeste apresenta 77% desses. No estado do Ceará, a LV atualmente se encontra em processo de extensão em magnitude e geografia. Este trabalho consistiu na análise da ocorrência da LV, como distribuição geográfica, faixa etária e sazonalidade no município de Crateús. No período de 2003 a 2013 foram notificados setenta e sete casos de LV, com prevalência de 81,82% dos mesmos na zona urbana, sendo uma média de sete casos por ano. Verificou-se um aumento no número de casos desta doença no município de Crateús até 2006, ano que registrou a maior incidência (21,97 casos por 100.000 habitantes). Nos três anos seguintes, manteve-se uma média de dez casos anuais e a partir de 2010 ocorreu uma redução significativa, com média de 2,5 casos por ano, sendo registrados um, quatro, três e dois casos de LV nos anos de 2010, 2011 e 2013 respectivamente. Diante destes achados, percebe-se a necessidade de novos estudos sobre a fauna flebotomínea desta cidade, considerando o período e os fatores climáticos e aprimorar as informações referentes à sazonalidade para que se possa reforçar as estratégias de controle da LV

Rinite Atrófica e sua importância sanitária na indústria suinícola: Uma revisão

The Atrophic Rhinitis is a contagious infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract. It is characterized by being a high prevalence disease in pig farms, this fact gives to the Atrophic Rhinitis the status of an important disease that cause economic losses due to its pathogenicity, because its causes loss of production and its is hardly eradicated from herds.This article aimed to approach the main topics related to this disease through a literature review. These revised points are related with the  disease's epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, forms of treatment, such as the control and prophylaxis.A rinite atrófica suína é uma doença infecto-contagiosa do trato respiratório superior e caracteriza-se por ter uma alta prevalência em granjas suinícolas brasileiras, dando-lhe status de importante enfermidade causadora de prejuízos econômicos na produção. Este trabalho visa abordar os principais tópicos referentes a essa enfermidade através de uma revisão de literatura. Os pontos revisados estão relacionados à epidemiologia da doença, à patogenia, aos sinais clínicos, às formas de tratamento, bem como, ao controle e profilaxia da rinite atrófica suína

Transmissão da Raiva por Sagui (Callithrix jacchus) no Estado do Ceará, Brasil.: Uma Revisão

Rabies is a serious infection caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus. The disease is characterized by an acute lethal encephalitis and the transmission occurs by inoculating the rabies virus in the saliva of mammals infected by biting, licking scratch or mucous membranes. According to its transmission mechanism and its epidemiological cycle, the disease can be classified as: urban, rural, wild aerial and terrestrial wild. Anger involving wild animals is a serious danger to pets as well as humans. The main reservoirs of wildlife rabies in Brazil, are the white tuft of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). In Ceará, the maintenance cycle of anger among marmosets has been a major issue for public health authorities. This work aimed to make a brief epidemiological approach Rabies transmission by Marmosets in Ceará state, Brazil, as the history of the number of rabies cases in C. jacchus, confirms its epidemiological significance and reinforces the growing need for public health surveillance in the Ceará.A Raiva é uma grave zoonose causada por um vírus pertencente à família Rhabdoviridae, gênero Lyssavirus. A doença é caracterizada por uma encefalite aguda e letal e a transmissão ocorre pela inoculação do vírus rábico, presente na saliva de mamíferos infectados, através de mordedura, arranhadura ou lambedura de mucosas. De acordo com o seu mecanismo de transmissão e seu ciclo epidemiológico, a doença pode ser classificada em: urbana, rural, silvestre aérea e silvestre terrestre. A Raiva envolvendo animais silvestres é um grave perigo para animais domésticos, assim como para os seres humanos. Dentre os principais reservatórios da Raiva silvestre no Brasil, encontram-se os saguis de tufo branco (Callithrix jacchus). No Ceará, a manutenção do ciclo de Raiva entre os saguis tem sido um tema importante para as autoridades de saúde pública. Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer uma breve abordagem epidemiológica da transmissão da Raiva por Saguis no Estado do Ceará, Brasil, visto que o histórico do número de casos de raiva em C. jacchus, confirma a sua importância epidemiológica e reforça a necessidade crescente de vigilância em saúde pública no Ceará

Use of herbal medicines in control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants: efficacies and prospects

It is mainly due to the resistance to conventional anthelmintics representing a barrier, being a constant challenge to search for new bases in the control of these parasites. Thus the use of phytotherapics becomes viable alternative in the fight against gastrointestinal nematodes, beyond promoting slow development of the resistance, it is biodegradable and does not cause environmental contamination. Thereby, the review aims to address the main results obtained in research on herbal drugs effective in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants. Key words: anthelmintics, medicinal plants, gastrointestinal nematodes, small ruminantsO desenvolvimento de resistência a anti-helmínticos representa um dos principais entraves para o controle das endoparasitoses em pequenos ruminantes, sendo justificada a busca de novas alternativas no controle de helmintos. Dessa forma, o uso de fitoterápicos torna-se alternativa viável no combate aos nematódeos gastrintestinais por promover um desenvolvimento lento da resistência, ser biodegradável e não causar contaminação ambiental. Desse modo, esta revisão visa abordar os principais resultados obtidos em pesquisas com fitoterápicos no controle de nematódeos gastrintestinais de pequenos ruminantes

Intoxicação por ivermectina em gato: Relato de caso

Ivermectin belongs to the avermectin family, is an antiparasitic with a broad spectrum of activity, high efficiency and a wide margin of safety. Improper use of drugs is the main factor that sets the poisoning. The aim of this study is to report a clinical case in feline intoxicated by ivermectin. A cat, male, No Racial Standard Set (SPRD), with about two months old, weighing 0.5 kg was seen at the Hospital Veterinary Unit (UHV) of Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza , Ceará, with incoordination, tremors and involuntary muscle spasms 24 hours after administration of ivermectin. When the animal physical examination, rectal temperature 36.2°C, pale mucous membranes, hypermetria, bradycardia, faintness and dementia status. The animal was hospitalized, and were asked CBC, biochemical and urinalysis. Subsequently subjected to a supportive treatment with fluid resuscitation with Ringer Lactate, dexamethasone intravenously and use of heated thermal bags. After treatment the animal showed clinical improvement observed through standardization of vital signs and was discharged. Early diagnosis is critical to the success of recovery.A ivermectina pertence à família das avermectinas, é um antiparasitário com um largo espectro de atividade, elevada eficácia e uma ampla margem de segurança. O uso inadequado dos medicamentos é o principal fator que propicia as intoxicações. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar um caso clínico em felino intoxicado por ivermectina. Um gato, macho, Sem Padrão Racial Definido (SPRD), com aproximadamente dois meses de idade, pesando 0,5 Kg foi atendido na Unidade Hospitalar Veterinária (UHV) da UECE, Fortaleza/Ceará, apresentando incoordenação motora, tremores e espasmos musculares involuntários, 24 horas após a administração de ivermectina. Ao exame físico o animal apresentava temperatura retal 36,2 ºC, mucosas hipocoradas, hipermetria, bradicardia, obnubilação e estado de demência. O animal foi internado, e foram solicitados hemograma, dosagens bioquímicas e urinálise.  Posteriormente submetido a um tratamento de suporte com fluidoterapia com Ringer Lactato, dexametasona, por via endovenosa e uso de bolsas térmicas aquecidas. Após o tratamento o animal apresentou melhora clínica observada através da normalização dos parâmetros vitais e recebeu alta. O diagnóstico precoce foi fundamental para o sucesso da recuperação.