Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat in girls

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with excess body fat, considering the sexual maturation and economic level in female adolescents.MethodsCross-sectional, epidemiological study of 1223 adolescents (10–17 years) from the public school system of Cascavel, PR, Brazil, in 2006. We analyzed the self-assessed sexual maturation level (prepubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal), the economic level (high and low) through a questionnaire and body fat (normal and high) through triceps and subscapular skinfolds. The 20-meter back-and-forth test was applied to estimate maximum oxygen consumption. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed according to reference criteria and considered low when the minimum health criterion for age and sex was not met. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied, with a significance level of 5%.ResultsThe prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness was 51.3%, being associated with all study variables (p<0.001). At the crude analysis, adolescents with high body fat were associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness, when compared to those with normal body fat (OR=2.76; 95%CI: 2.17–3.52). After adjustment by sexual maturation, this association remained valid and showed an effect that was 1.8-fold higher (95%CI: 1.39–2.46) and after adjusting by economic level, the effect was 1.9-fold higher (95%CI: 1.45–2.61).ConclusionsApproximately half of the assessed girls showed unsatisfactory levels of cardiorespiratory fitness for health, which was associated with high body fat, regardless of sexual maturation level and economic level. Effective public health measures are needed, with particular attention to high-risk groups

Nutritional status of schoolchildren according to school geographical localization in the city of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity in students of public schools from Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 11,290 children aged seven to ten from public schools in the city of Sorocaba. Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined as, respectively, 85th and >95th body mass index percentiles for sex and age, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth chart (CDC, 2000). The prevalence of nutritional alterations was assessed according to the geographical localization. RESULTS: Rates for underweight, overweight and obesity were respectively: Central area 3.4, 17.2 and 15.1%; Southern area, 4.2, 15.4 and 11.2%; Eastern area, 3.2, 14.7 and 12.7%; Northeast, 4.3, 11.9 and 10.7%; North, 5.8, 12 and 9.1%; Northwest 7.5, 11 and 9.1%; and Western regions 6, 11 and 9.2%. The differences between areas were significant (p85 e >95 do índice de massa corpórea por idade para sexo e idade propostos pelos Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2000). Comparou-se a prevalência de alterações nutricionais de acordo com a localização da escola. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de baixo peso, sobrepeso e obesidade nas crianças avaliadas, segundo a região geográfica de Sorocaba foi, respectivamente: Centro 3,4, 17,2 e 15,1%; Sul 4,2, 15,4 e 11,2%; Leste 3,2, 14,7 e 12,7%; Nordeste 4,3, 11,9 e 10,7%; Norte 5,8, 12 e 9,1%; Noroeste 7,5, 11 e 9,1%; Oeste 6,0, 11 e 9,2%. Os meninos apresentaram 5,3, 12,1 e 11,9% e as meninas 5,9, 12,3 e 8,2% de baixo peso, sobrepeso e obesidade, respectivamente. Houve diferença significativa na prevalência de alterações nutricionais entre as regiões da cidade (p<0,001) CONCLUSÕES: O Centro e o Leste de Sorocaba apresentaram as maiores taxas de escolares com excesso de peso, as regiões Noroeste e Oeste, as maiores taxas de baixo peso. Na análise por sexo, os meninos apresentaram maiores taxas de obesidade. Esses resultados podem ajudar a planejar políticas públicas para a prevenção da obesidade em escolares556

Avaliação da resposta imune humoral em caprinos inoculados com uma vacina viva atenuada liofilizada contra Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis.

Caseous Lymphadenitis (CL), also known as “mal-do-caroço”, is a disease which infects ovines and caprines and eventually humans. The aethiologic agent of this disease is the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. It is a facultative intracellular pathogen of macrophages and it is phylogenetically related to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is a worldwide disease characterized by caseous necrotic capsule-like lesions located mainly in the external lymphonodes and lungs. The infection probably happens by the contact of healthy animals with exuding abscesses of sick ones. Some bovines have been found infected but ovines and caprines are the ones which have an economic and sanitary significance. Both sexes can develop the disease at anytime but animals older than 1 or 2 years are more frequently infected. That disease causes real harmful consequences to these animals turning into a zoopathologic barrier to its economic exploitation. Eighty percent of all caprine herds are located in Brazil’s Northeastern Region and play a special role in the economic support for its people, farmers and manufacturers. The Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes high economic losses in that region. The losses range over skin and bones damages, due to abscesses, as well as lower flesh/meat and milk manufacturing production and low reproduction rates. The aim of our study was to analyze the goats humoral immune response induced by the Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis lyophilized live vaccine. The results obtained from these experiments showed that the lyophilized vaccine results in a specific antibody production at doses as high as (or higher than) 109 bacteria cells and that the treatment used in that experiment have not caused lesions in the vaccinated animals.A linfadenite caseosa (LC), comumente chamada de mal-do-caroço, é uma doença que acomete ovinos e caprinos e tem como agente etiológico Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. É um patógeno intracelular facultativo de macrófagos e é filogeneticamente relacionado com Mycobacterium tuberculosis. É uma doença de ocorrência mundial, caracterizada por formação de lesões necróticas encapsuladas caseosas, localizada principalmente nos linfonodos externos e pulmões. A transmissão se dá provavelmente através da pele, pelo contato de animais sadios com animais portadores de abscessos que evoluem a supuração. Eventualmente, tem sido encontrada em bovinos, porém é em ovinos e em caprinos que assume importância econômica e sanitária. Machos e fêmeas podem apresentar a doença em qualquer estação, porém encontram-se mais doentes com o desenvolver da idade, principalmente após um a dois anos de vida. A enfermidade causa sérios prejuízos a essas espécies, constituindo uma limitação zoopatológica às suas explorações. Com cerca de 80% do rebanho nacional, a região Nordeste é a maior detentora de caprinos do Brasil, onde esses animais são essenciais ao sustento do pequeno agricultor. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causa consideráveis prejuízos econômicos à região, que vão desde a condenação de pele e carcaças em razão de abscessos, até perdas em eficiência na reprodução ou na produção de carne e leite. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar em caprinos a resposta imune humoral induzida pela vacina viva liofilizada, elaborada com a cepa 1002, da Empresa Baiana de Desenvolvimento Agrícola (EBDA). Os resultados evidenciaram que o referido preparado liofilizado promove a produção de anticorpos específicos em doses iguais ou maiores do que 109 CFU e que o tratamento ministrado não provocou lesões nos animais vacinados

<b>Influence of age, sexual maturation, anthropometric variables and body composition on flexibility</b>

Since flexibility is an important component of health-related physical fitness at all ages, this parameter should be evaluated in chi ldren and adolescent s because the abi l ity to acquire and maintain levels of flexibility is greater in this age group. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate body weight, height, BMI and flexibility according to chronological age and sexual maturat ion and to determine the influence of these var iables on flexibi l ity in student s f rom publ ic and private schools. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted. The sample consisted of 2604 girls aged 8 to 17 years. Body weight, height, BMI, sexual maturation, and flexibility were evaluated. The data were analyzed descriptively using the following inferential tests: two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test, Pearson’s and Spearman’s simple correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The SPSS® 13.0 program was used for all statistical analyses, with a level of significance of p<0.05. Significant differences with increasing age and maturation stage were observed for the variables body weight, height and BMI when compared to the subsequent year. In conclusion, body wei-ght and height increased with increasing age, especially between 8 and 13 years, and flexibility remained stable throughout childhood and adolescence

Influence of age, sexual maturation, anthropometric variables and body composition on flexibility

Since flexibility is an important component of health-related physical fitness at all ages, this parameter should be evaluated in children and adolescents because the ability to acquire and maintain levels of flexibility is greater in this age group. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate body weight, height, BMI and flexibility according to chronological age and sexual maturation and to determine the influence of these variables on flexibility in students from public and private schools. A cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study was conducted. The sample consisted of 2604 girls aged 8 to 17 years. Body weight, height, BMI, sexual maturation, and flexibility were evaluated. The data were analyzed descriptively using the following inferential tests: two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post-hoc test, Pearson’s and Spearman’s simple correlation coefficients, and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The SPSS® 13.0 program was used for all statistical analyses, with a level of significance of p< 0.05. Significant differences with increasing age and maturation stage were observed for the variables body weight, height and BMI when compared to the subsequent year. In conclusion, body wei-ght and height increased with increasing age, especially between 8 and 13 years, and flexibility remained stable throughout childhood and adolescence

<b>Aerobic fitness and biological and sociodemographic indicators in female school children</b>

Aerobic fitness is an important health-related fitness component. The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of age, growth, body composition, sexual maturation and socioeconomic status on the aerobic fitness of female school children attending public schools in Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil. Across-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in 2006 on 1,317 school children aged 8 to17 years. Body mass, height and triceps and medial calf skinfold thickness were measured and relative body fat (%BF) was calculated. Sexual maturation was self-assessed using a breast development scale (M1 to M5). The questionnaire proposed by the Brazilian Association of Research Companies was used to assess socioeconomic status. Aerobic fitness was estimated by the 20-m shuttle runtest. The results were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test, Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple linear regression with 95% confidence intervals. Three variables (age, %BF and socioeconomic status) showed an interaction (p<0.05) in the prediction of VO2peakrel (R2=0.73). All independent variables (body mass, height, age, %BF, socioeconomic status, and sexual maturation) were significant predictors (p<0.05) of VO2picoabs (R2=0.88). In conclusion, chronological age and sexual maturation were the best predictors of VO2peakabs (positive) and VO2peakrel (negative)

A associação entre a adiposidade corporal e a aptidão musculoesquelética em meninos é mediada pelo nível econômico?

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1980-0037.2014v16n1p116   Objetivou-se estimar a prevalência de adiposidade corporal elevada e sua associação com a aptidão musculoesquelética, por nível econômico, em crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino. Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado em 1.531 escolares (6-17 anos) da rede de ensino pública do município de Cascavel, PR, Brasil. A adiposidade corporal foi estimada pela técnica de dobras cutâneas. Foram coletadas informações referentes à idade, nível econômico e estágio maturacional, bem como ao desempenho nos testes de sentar e alcançar, abdominal em 1 minuto, impulsão horizontal e Shuttle run. As análises (teste t de student não pareado e regressão de Poisson) foram realizadas por nível econômico alto e baixo (baixo+médio), com nível de significância de 5%. A prevalência de adiposidade corporal elevada foi de 30,4%, sendo maior (p<0,05) naqueles de nível econômico alto (33,3% vs 28,3%). Após ajuste para todas as variáveis, no nível econômico baixo, a adiposidade corporal elevada se associou a baixa resistência abdominal (RP=1,44; IC95%=1,05-1,99) e potência de membros inferiores (RP=2,09; IC95%=1,46-1,98). No nível econômico alto, o desfecho foi associado à baixa resistência abdominal (RP=1,72; IC95%=1,17-2,51) e, à média (RP=2,83; IC95%=1,76-4,55) e baixa (RP=3,90; IC95%=2,38-6,38) potência de membros inferiores. Em ambos os estratos sociais, o menor desempenho muscular (resistência abdominal e potência de membros inferiores) conferiu maior probabilidade de ter adiposidade corporal elevada. Porém, a magnitude das valências musculares associadas à adiposidade corporal elevada parece diferir de acordo com o nível econômico

REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat in girls PALAVRAS-CHAVE

Abstract Objective: To estimate the prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness and its association with excess body fat, considering the sexual maturation and economic level in female adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional, epidemiological study of 1223 adolescents (10---17 years) from the public school system of Cascavel, PR, Brazil, in 2006. We analyzed the self-assessed sexual maturation level (prepubertal, pubertal and post-pubertal), the economic level (high and low) through a questionnaire and body fat (normal and high) through triceps and subscapular skinfolds. The 20-meter back-and-forth test was applied to estimate maximum oxygen consumption. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed according to reference criteria and considered low when the minimum health criterion for age and sex was not met. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied, with a significance level of 5%. Results: The prevalence of low cardiorespiratory fitness was 51.3%, being associated with all study variables (p&lt;0.001). At the crude analysis, adolescents with high body fat were associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness, when compared to those with normal body fat (OR=2.76; 95%CI: 2.17---3.52). After adjustment by sexual maturation, this association remained valid and showed an effect that was 1.8-fold higher (95%CI: 1.39---2.46) and after adjusting by economic level, the effect was 1.9-fold higher (95%CI: 1.45---2.61). Conclusions: Approximately half of the assessed girls showed unsatisfactory levels of cardiorespiratory fitness for health, which was associated with high body fat, regardless of sexual * Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] (G. Minatto). PALAVRAS-CHAVE Adolescente; Aptidão física; Composição corporal Relação entre aptidão cardiorrespiratória e adiposidade corporal em meninas Resumo Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência de aptidão cardiorrespiratória baixa e sua associação com excesso de adiposidade corporal, considerando a maturação sexual e o nível econômico, em adolescentes do sexo feminino. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico transversal com 1.223 adolescentes (10-17 anos) da rede pública de ensino de Cascavel, PR, Brasil, em 2006. Analisou-se a maturação sexual (pré-púbere, púbere e pós-púbere) autoavaliada, o nível econômico (NE) (alto e baixo) por questionário e a adiposidade corporal (normal e elevada) por dobras cutâneas do tríceps e subescapular. Aplicou-se o teste de vaivém de 20 metros para estimar o consumo máximo de oxigênio. A aptidão cardiorrespiratória foi avaliada por critérios referenciados e considerada baixa quando não atingido o critério mínimo para a saúde segundo idade e sexo. Foram aplicados o teste de qui-quadrado e a regressão logística, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalência de aptidão cardiorrespiratória baixa foi de 51,3% que se associou a todas as variáveis do estudo (p&lt;0,001). Na análise bruta, as adolescentes com adiposidade corporal elevada associaram-se à aptidão cardiorrespiratória baixa, quando comparada com aquelas com adiposidade normal (RC=2,76; IC95% 2,17-3,52). Após ajuste pela maturação sexual, essa associação se manteve e mostrou efeito 1,8 vez maior (IC95% 1,39-2,46) e, após ajuste pelo NE, o efeito foi 1,9 vezes maior (IC95% 1,45-2,61). Conclusões: Aproximadamente metade dos avaliados apresentou níveis insatisfatórios de aptidão cardiorrespiratória para a saúde, o que se associou à adiposidade corporal elevada, independentemente da maturação sexual e NE. Medidas efetivas de saúde pública são necessárias, com especial atenção para grupos de maior risco