Reversal of retirement of septuagenarian public server: irretroatividade of Complementary law no. 152/2015

Trata-se de estudo sobre a irreversibilidade de aposentadoria de membro do Ministério Público da União, nascido em 25 de novembro de 1945, compulsoriamente efetivada em 24 de novembro de 2015, poucos dias antes de a Lei Complementar nº 152/2015, de 3 de dezembro de 2015, entrar em vigor. Essa Lei ampliou de 70 para 75 anos a idade para a permanência do funcionário no serviço público nacional, com exceção dos Ministros dos Tribunais Superiores e do Tribunal de Contas da União, que tinham essa prerrogativa desde a Emenda Constitucional nº 88/2015.This study aims to analyze the irreversible state of a forced retirement of a member of the Public Prosecution of the Union, born on November 25, 1945, retired compulsorily, at seventy years of age, few days before the Complementary Law n° 152/2015 to come into force on 4 December, 2015. That Act extended from 70 to 75 years age for official permanency in office in the Brazilian public service, with the exception of Justices of the High Courts and the Justices of the Federal Audit Court, who had that prerogative under the terms of Article 40, paragraph 2, item II, of the Constitution of Federative Republic of Brazil, amended by Constitutional Amendment n° 88, 2015, which added Article 100 of the Temporary Constitutional Provisions Act.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field