Spatial epidemiology: New approaches to old questions

Spatial Epidemiology is used to describe, quantify and explain the geographical variations of diseases, to evaluate the association between the incidence of diseases and potential risk factors and to identify spatial clusters of diseases. This article goes through the main aspects of spatial epidemiology, starting with an explanation of the importance of mapping health data, an historical perspective of the development of the discipline, a description of spatial data types, some methods of spatial statistics, and the importance of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the analysis of spatially-referenced data. Some applications of GIS regarding oral health are presented.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CHRONIC LOWER LIMB ISCHEMIA PRESENTATION AND REVASCULARIZATION OUTCOMES

Introduction: Sex-specific data on outcomes after lower limb revascularization associate the female gender with worse surgical outcomes, particularly after open procedures. Women were found to be more likely to suffer from procedure complications, limb loss, and mortality than their male counterparts. This study aims to identify differences in demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and all major outcomes after lower limb revascularization between female and male patients. Methods: This retrospective, single-center study comprises all never-revascularized lower limbs in patients with clinically diagnosed PAD who underwent a lower limb therapeutic vascular intervention in a tertiary hospital between January 2017 and December 2018. Women's limbs Group (F) was compared against men's limbs Group (M). The primary endpoint was major amputation, and the secondary endpoints were restenosis/occlusion, vascular reintervention and overall survival. Subgroup analysis was undertaken considering open, endovascular or hybrid procedures. Results: Group M included 324 male lower limbs; patients had a mean age of 67,5 years. Group F included 96 female lower limbs; patients had a mean age of 71,7 years (p<0,001). There were no significant differences in cardiovascular risk factors between groups, aside from a higher prevalence of smoking in Group M and hypertension in Group F (p<0.001). 83% of Group F procedures and 79% of procedures in Group M were performed due to CLTI (p=0,321). We found no statistically significant difference between groups regarding wound or infection grading (WIfI) and femoropopliteal or BTA anatomic disease staging (GLASS). Group M was more likely to have aortoiliac (p=0,014) and common femoral artery disease (p=0.001), and Group F to have more severe BTK disease (p=0,012). Group F had a higher proportion of endovascular procedures (p<0.001). Amputation rates in Group M and Group F were 8±2% and 7±3% at 1 month, 14±2% and 16±4% at 1 year, 15±2% and 19±4% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,564). There were no significant differences in rates of procedure restenosis/occlusion between groups (p=0,395). Reintervention rates in Group M and Group F were 13±2% and 13±3% at 1 month, 21±2% and 20±4% at 1 year, 25±3% and 24±5% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,74). Overall survival in Group M and Group F was 97±1% and 93±3% at 1 month, 84±2% and 84±4% at 1 year, 77±3% and 72±5% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,443). Stratifying according to the type of vascular procedure (open, endovascular or hybrid), we found no significant difference between groups in the outcomes mentioned above. Conclusion: Overall, women were more likely to be older, to have more severe BTK disease, and to undergo endovascular procedures. However, this study suggests no major differences in limb outcomes for women who undergo lower limb revascularization procedures

LEFT HEART DYSFUNCTION AND HEART VALVE DISEASE DO NOT INFLUENCE OUTCOMES AFTER LOWER LIMB REVASCULARIZATION

Introduction: Inadequate systemic perfusion as a consequence of heart disease may compromise inflow to lower limb revascularization procedures, decreasing short and mid-term patency. It may be theorized that patients suffering from heart valve disease or reduction of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) have worse limb outcomes after lower limb revascularization. Method: This retrospective study included all first lower limb revascularization procedures performed in a tertiary hospital, between January 2017 and December 2018, in patients with diagnosed PAD and an available preoperative transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE). The group with moderate to severe heart disease in TTE (Group 1, defined as LVEF<40% or moderate to severe valvular heart disease) was compared against the group with no or mild heart disease in TTE (Group 2, defined as LVEF≥40% and no or mild valvular heart disease). Subgroup analysis was undertaken considering the presence and severity of the individual heart change on TTE. Primary endpoint was major amputation, and secondary endpoints were diagnosed restenosis/occlusion, vascular reintervention and overall survival. Results: The study included 268 lower limb revascularization procedures. Group 1 and 2 included 70 and 198 procedures, respectively. In both groups, the prevalence of CLTI was 89%. There were no significant differences in wound and infection grading (in WIfI), and anatomic disease staging (in GLASS), between Groups 1 and 2. In Group 1, 73% were endovascular procedures (65% in Group 2; p=0,34). Amputation rates in Group 1 and 2 were 9% and 13% at 1 month, 19% and 20% at 1 year and 19% and 22% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,758). Diagnosed restenosis/occlusion rates in Group 1 and 2 were 5% and 15% at 1 month, 18% and 26% at 1 year and 24% and 31% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,119). Reintervention rates in Group 1 and 2 were 13% and 18% at 1 month, 25% and 27% at 1 year and 30% and 32% at 2 years, respectively (p=0,614). After subgroup analysis according to the presence and severity of individual heart change, the difference remained non-significant for the above-mentioned outcomes. Overall survival in Group 1 and 2 was 92% and 96% at 1 month, 61% and 86% at 1 year and 52% and 80% at 2 years, respectively (p<0,001). LVEF<40% was associated with worse overall survival (p<0,001), as was moderate to severe valvular heart disease (p=0,004). Conclusion: Our study suggests that moderate to severe heart disease, detected in TTE, does not influence limb-related outcomes after revascularization procedures. However, patients with valvular heart disease or LVEF reduction have worse overall survival. We should not expect worse limb outcomes in patients with heart disease, but aggressive tertiary prevention should be provided to improve vital prognosis

ISQUEMIA AGUDA RENAL, UMA EMERGÊNCIA CIRÚRGICA VASCULAR COM EVOLUÇÃO AINDA DESCONHECIDA

Introdução: A incidência de isquemia aguda renal é baixa. A experiência publicada do seu tratamento cirúrgico resume-se a séries de casos e não há indicações bem definidas para a revascularização renal em caso de isquemia aguda. Métodos: Estudo observacional retrospetivo realizado com base na consulta de processos clínicos de doentes submetidos a revascularização de artéria renal por isquemia aguda renal, num hospital universitário terciário, de Janeiro de 2011 a Junho de 2020. O endpoint primário foi a taxa de diálise aos 30 dias e os endpoints secundários foram a taxa de doença renal crónica de novo aos 30 dias e a sobrevida aos 30 dias. Resultados:    Foram incluídos 11 doentes com isquemia aguda renal. As causas da oclusão arterial renal foram: disseção aórtica (N=3), trombose de artéria renal nativa (N=3), trombose de revascularização renal prévia (N=3), embolia (N=1) e trauma fechado (N=1). Dois dos casos corresponderam a doentes com rim único. A mediana de tempo desde o início do quadro até à revascularização cirúrgica foi de 24 horas. Dois doentes apresentavam doença renal crónica prévia conhecida. A apresentação clínica foi de dor lombar ou abdominal (n=8), HTA não controlada (N=5) e/ou oligoanúria (N=5). O diagnóstico foi realizado em todos com recurso a angio-TC. Em todos os doentes, a artéria renal principal estava afetada (N=9 desde o seu óstio) e havia algum grau de captação de contraste pelo rim afetado. Em todos os casos, foi realizada a revascularização unilateral de uma artéria renal com sucesso angiográfico, com exceção de um dos três casos em que a isquemia renal era bilateral, em que ambas as artérias renais ocluídas foram revascularizadas. Com exceção de um doente com oclusão de stent (submetido a angioplastia com DCB), todos foram submetidos a angioplastia com stent (6 com stents cobertos). Dois doentes apresentaram oligoanúria no pós-operatório e quatro necessitaram de pelo menos uma sessão dialítica. Aos 30 dias, a taxa de diálise foi de 11% (doente com isquemia aguda renal bilateral de etiologia traumática com 13 horas de evolução) e a taxa de doença renal crónica de novo de 22%. A sobrevida aos 30 dias foi de 90%.  Conclusão: Nesta população de doentes, pode-se verificar a reversão da isquemia aguda renal mesmo após oclusões prolongadas das artérias renais. No entanto, com os dados disponíveis, não é possível anteceder quais os doentes que recuperarão a função renal prévia após revascularização urgente com sucesso angiográfico. Por ser rápido e pouco invasivo, o tratamento endovascular é a primeira linha no tratamento cirúrgico da isquemia aguda renal na nossa instituição.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in vascular surgery patients

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infections are associated with devastating consequences in vascular surgery patients but the data on Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection among those remains scant and conflicting. Most vascular surgery antibiotic prophylaxis assume that all patients submitted to surgery are tested prior to the intervention or that all patients with risk factors for MRSA are presumed to be colonized. However, the costs associated with testing all patients are not negligible, and most of the vascular surgery patients have risk factors for MRSA colonization. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the burden of MRSA clinical infection and its outcome and to adjust clinical practice accordingly. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from all patients with MRSA isolations that were submitted to vascular surgery in the year 2019 was conducted. The primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were timing of infection (pre-existent infection or post-surgical infection), need for ICU and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Out of 1681 patients admitted for surgery in the year 2019 in the vascular surgery ward, only 21 had clinical infection with positive MRSA isolates. All the patients had risk factors for MRSA colonization. Seventeen were admitted for PAD (Rutherford grade 5 or 6). Eight patients had post-operatory infections, whilst the remaining presented with MRSA infection prior to the intervention. Post-operatory infections ranged from superficial incisional in three patients, deep incisional in one patient, and organ/space/prosthesis infection in four patients (of the last group, two had prosthesis infection). There were five deaths, of which two were unrelated to the infection. Of the three deaths probably infection-related, all were post-operatory surgical site infections, and all were organ/space/prosthesis infections (one with prosthesis infection). There was no patient admitted to the ICU that survived. The mean hospital stay was increased by 26 days (31 days, 95% CI, 19-43). CONCLUSION: Infection by MRSA was less frequent than expected in our population, which may mean that colonization might be smaller than expected. Pre-operative infection was almost always related to chronic wounds and did not increase the risk of post-operative wound infection or death, contrary to post-operative infection, which seems to significantly increase mortality

Influenza severe cases in hospitals, between 2014 and 2016 in Portugal

Rede Portuguesa de Laboratórios para o Diagnóstico da GripeBackground: Since 2009, the Portuguese Laboratory Network (PLNID) for Influenza Diagnosis has integrated 15 Laboratories in mainland and Atlantic Islands of Azores and Madeira. This PLNID added an important contribute to the National Influenza Surveillance Program regarding severe and hospitalized influenza cases. The present study aims to describe influenza viruses detected in influenza like illness (ILI) cases: outpatients (Outp), hospitalized (Hosp), and intensive care units (ICU), between 2014 and 2016. Methods: The PLNID performs influenza virus diagnosis by biomolecular methodologies. Weekly reports to the National Influenza Reference Laboratory ILI cases tested for influenza. Reports include data on detecting viruses, hospital assistance, antiviral therapeutics, and information on death outcome. Were reported during two winter seasons 8059 ILI cases,being 3560 cases in 2014/15 (1024 in Outp, 1750 Hosp, and 606 in ICU) and 4499 cases in 2015/2016 (1933 in Outp, 1826 Hosp, and 740 in ICU). Results: The higher percentage of influenza positive cases were detected in Outp in both seasons, 18% during 2014/15 and 20% in 2015/16. In 2014/15,influenza cases were more frequent in individuals older than 65 years old and these required more hospitalizations,even in ICU. In 2015/16,the influenza cases were mainly detected in individuals between 15-64 years old. A higher proportion of influenza positive cases with hospitalization in ICU were observed in adults between 45-64 years old.During the study period,the predominant circulating influenza viruses were different in the two seasons: influenza B and A(H3) co-circulated in 2014/15,and influenza A(H1)pdm09 was predominant during 2015/16. Even when influenza A is notthe dominant virus, A(H3) and A(H1)pdm09 subtypes correlate with higher detection rate in hospitalized cases (Hosp and UCI), with higher frequencies in adults older than 45. Influenza B,detected in higher proportion in outpatients, was frequently relatedwith influenza cases in younger age groups: 0-4 and 5-14 years old. Conclusions: This study highlights the correlation of theinfluenza virus type/subtype that circulates in each season with the possible need for hospitalization and intensive care in special groups of the population. Circulation of influenza A subtypes can cause more frequentdisease in individuals older than 45, with need of hospitalization including intensive care. On the other hand, influenza B is more frequently associated with less severe cases and with infection in children and younger adults. Influenza B circulation might predict lower number of hospitalizations.The identification of influenza type in circulation,byPLNID ineach season, could guide action planning measures in population health care.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Mamíferos Marinhos

UID/HIS/04666/2019publishersversionpublishe