Occurrence and distribution of PAHs in rainwater and urban runoff

Master'sMASTER OF ENGINEERIN

DiBiCoo: Biogas Markets and Frameworks in Argentina, Ethiopia, Ghana, Indonesia, and South Africa

In Argentina, the biogas market has gained a solid foothold over the last five years and is massively industrial. However, its growth is slowing down. In 2015, Argentina has developed 100 biogas plants and has grown exponentially until 2020 through the RenovAr Programme. In 2015, INTA and PROBIOMASA have conducted a survey assessing 80 of the 100 plants built nationwide. INTA and PROBIOMASA have found that from the 80 plants surveyed, 76 of the 80 biogas plants developed up until 2015 were installed for environmental purposes, while 11 of the 80 biogas plants surveyed were utilised for energy development, consisting of large bio-digestion plants (1MW-2MW), consisting mostly of covered lagoon and mixed technologies utilising digesters, double membrane reactor, and a co-generation unit i.e. combined heat and power (CHP). It must be noted that at that time biogas was not widely used as a source of energy, rather, it was used for environmental purposes. The relatively slow growth of the biogas market until 2015 is also indicated by the low rate of biogas utilisation for the means of energy security. It is also worth highlighting that the dominating feedstock utilised for biogas in Argentina is industrial waste, followed by organic waste and virgin biomass. To accelerate the growth of the biogas market, Argentina has been implementing governmentled programs. The most notable program is the series of RenovAr programs i.e. round 1, round 1.5, and round 2) that was started from 2016 and continues until today with RenovAr 3 being implemented in August 2019. According to the World Bank IFC, RenovAR has succeeded in reaching 2.4 GW capacity of combined renewable energy alternatives in the end of 2016 and 4.4 GW of renewable energy projects in August 2017. The tenders foresee a minimum of 0.5 MW and a maximum of 10 MW of electricity capacity from each biogas project to achieve the overall goal. All in all, this program and national goal shows that biogas is seen as an important renewable energy alternative in Argentina. It must also be noted that each country included in this report elaborates on a minimum of four variables of the PESTLE’s framework depending on the degree of its relevancy and influence it has for the biogas sector.Instituto de Ingeniería RuralFil: Rahmatzafran, Avila. Resilience Development Initiative (RDI). Sustainable Development; IndonesiaFil: Rosslee, Dwight. Selectra Watertech; SudáfricaFil: Rianawati, Elisabeth. Resilience Development Initiative (RDI); IndonesiaFil: Hafiz Loeksmanto, Ichsan. Resilience Development Initiative (RDI); IndonesiaFil: Hilbert, Jorge Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Ingeniería Rural; ArgentinaFil: Alemmu, Sinshaw. Iceaddis; EtiopíaFil: Mohammed. Institute for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solution (ISEES); GhanaFil: Bogale, Wondwossen. Iceaddis; EtiopíaFil: Salie, Yaseen. Greencape; Sudáfric

Iso-conversional kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of catalytic pyrolysis for palm oil wastes

This chapter presents the comparative studies related to the kinetic and thermodynamic analysis of the pyrolysis of oil palm frond (OPF) and oil palm trunk (OPT) that are investigated in the absence and presence of OPF ash, OPT ash, and OPF/OPT ash using thermogravimetric approach (TGA). OPF ash, OPT ash, and OPF/OPT ash are used as natural catalysts in the pyrolysis process of palm oil wastes. The experiments are conducted at various heating rates ranging 10–100 K min−1 from temperature of 323K to 1,173K. Iso-conversional kinetic models such as Coats-Redfern, Vyazovkin, and Miura-Maki model are the selected kinetic models to predict the kinetic parameters such as activation energy (EA) and preexponential factor. The average EA values ranged 28.49–211.69 kJ.mol−1 and 44.00–168.06 kJ.mol−1 for pyrolysis of OPF and OPT, respectively. Meanwhile, the average EA values ranged from 22.66–182.91 kJ.mol−1 and 36.86–269.67 kJ.mol−1 for the catalytic pyrolysis of OPF and OPT respectively

Plant Power:Opportunities and challenges for meeting sustainable energy needs from the plant and fungal kingdoms

Societal Impact Statement Bioenergy is a major component of the global transition to renewable energy technologies. The plant and fungal kingdoms offer great potential but remain mostly untapped. Their increased use could contribute to the renewable energy transition and addressing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” Current research focuses on species cultivated at scale in temperate regions, overlooking the wealth of potential new sources of small‐scale energy where they are most urgently needed. A shift towards diversified, accessible bioenergy technologies will help to mitigate and adapt to the threats of climate change, decrease energy poverty, improve human health by reducing indoor pollution, increase energy resilience of communities, and decrease greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels. Summary Bioenergy derived from plants and fungi is a major component of the global transition to renewable energy technologies. There is rich untapped diversity in the plant and fungal kingdoms that offers potential to contribute to the shift away from fossil fuels and to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) “Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.” Energy poverty—the lack of access to modern energy services—is most acute in the Global South where biodiversity is greatest and least investigated. Our systematic review of the literature over the last 5 years (2015–2020) indicates that research efforts have targeted a very small number of plant species cultivated at scale, mostly in temperate regions. The wealth of potential new sources of bioenergy in biodiverse regions, where the implementation of SDG7 is most urgently needed, has been largely overlooked. We recommend next steps for bioenergy stakeholders—research, industry, and government—to seize opportunities for innovation to alleviate energy poverty while protecting biodiversity. Small‐scale energy production using native plant species in bioenergy landscapes overcomes many pitfalls associated with bioenergy crop monocultures, such as biodiversity loss and conflict with food production. Targeted trait‐based screening of plant species and biological screening of fungi are required to characterize the potential of this resource. The benefits of diversified, accessible bioenergy go beyond the immediate urgency of energy poverty as more diverse agricultural landscapes are more resilient, store more carbon, and could also reduce the drivers of the climate and environmental emergencies

Comparison of Household and Communal Biogas Digester Performance to Treat Kitchen Waste, Case Study: Bandung City, Indonesia

Bandung City is one of the big cities in Indonesia that grappled with waste problem. There is 1,500 ton of waste produced daily, of which 65% is organic. In addition, the water content of the waste could reach 80% during rainy season, given that the waste is commonly collected in open space before transported to the final disposal area. In order to tackle this issue, the municipality of Bandung has started to implement anaerobic digesters to treat kitchen waste since 2013 in an attempt to reduce organic waste. There are three scales of bio-digesters that have been implemented: city 2 ton, communal (20-1000 kg) and household scale (20 kg), which comprise of 1 unit, 15 units and 100 units respectively. This study evaluate the efficiency and biogas productivity of each bio-digesters type. We analyzed 30 unit and 14 unit of household and communal biodigesters respectively. The waste input, slurry output and biogas production were estimated based on average of daily basis. Both the input and output of the biodigesters were characterized (TS, VS, COD) to gain further understanding. This study provide facts and figures to improve the further implementation of household bio-digesters in Bandung City

Comparison of Household and Communal Biogas Digester Performance to Treat Kitchen Waste, Case Study: Bandung City, Indonesia

Bandung City is one of the big cities in Indonesia that grappled with waste problem. There is 1,500 ton of waste produced daily, of which 65% is organic. In addition, the water content of the waste could reach 80% during rainy season, given that the waste is commonly collected in open space before transported to the final disposal area. In order to tackle this issue, the municipality of Bandung has started to implement anaerobic digesters to treat kitchen waste since 2013 in an attempt to reduce organic waste. There are three scales of bio-digesters that have been implemented: city 2 ton, communal (20-1000 kg) and household scale (20 kg), which comprise of 1 unit, 15 units and 100 units respectively. This study evaluate the efficiency and biogas productivity of each bio-digesters type. We analyzed 30 unit and 14 unit of household and communal biodigesters respectively. The waste input, slurry output and biogas production were estimated based on average of daily basis. Both the input and output of the biodigesters were characterized (TS, VS, COD) to gain further understanding. This study provide facts and figures to improve the further implementation of household bio-digesters in Bandung City

The Study of Rice Husk as Co-Digestion Together with Cow Dung is Biogas Production of Anaerobic Digester

One of alternative waste-to-energy technologies to treat organic waste is anaerobic digestion. This study conducted by three stage of experiments using the laboratory scale biogas production from cow dung and rice husk as co-digestion. Based on the first stage experiments, TS 10% gave the highest accumulation of biogas 458 ml and 506,95 ml. In the second stage of the experiments, 10 ml media in TS 20% gave the highest accumulation of biogas production (743.1 ml). The last stage of experiments showe d that Blank TS 30% with 5 ml media gave the highest accumulation of biogas production (922.2 ml). From the last stage we can conclude that the presented of rice husk as a co-digestion didn’t give the significant effect to increase biogas production in anaerobic digestion, at least at room temperature. This caused by the high lignin and cellulose concentration in the rice husk that might resist or inhibit the production of biogas production. This is contrast situation when TS 40% occured, the existing of rice husk in AD will give positive impact to biogas produce

The Study of Rice Husk as Co-Digestion Together with Cow Dung is Biogas Production of Anaerobic Digester

One of alternative waste-to-energy technologies to treat organic waste is anaerobic digestion. This study conducted by three stage of experiments using the laboratory scale biogas production from cow dung and rice husk as co-digestion. Based on the first stage experiments, TS 10% gave the highest accumulation of biogas 458 ml and 506,95 ml. In the second stage of the experiments, 10 ml media in TS 20% gave the highest accumulation of biogas production (743.1 ml). The last stage of experiments showe d that Blank TS 30% with 5 ml media gave the highest accumulation of biogas production (922.2 ml). From the last stage we can conclude that the presented of rice husk as a co-digestion didn’t give the significant effect to increase biogas production in anaerobic digestion, at least at room temperature. This caused by the high lignin and cellulose concentration in the rice husk that might resist or inhibit the production of biogas production. This is contrast situation when TS 40% occured, the existing of rice husk in AD will give positive impact to biogas produce

Investigation of Calcium Oxide–Impregnated Zeolite Catalyst Toward Catalytic Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch: Bio-oil Yields, Characterizations, and Kinetic Study

This work investigated the in situ catalytic pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunch using CaO-impregnated zeolite (CaO/HZSM-5) catalyst. An optimum point was obtained via central composite rotatable design at reaction temperature of 567.10 °C, catalyst loading of 3.22 wt%, and CaO loading of 1.25 wt%, with an expected bio-oil yield of 35.31 wt%. Validation runs’ experimental yield was 37.59 ± 1.74 wt%, indicating reliability of the condition. The impregnated catalyst was characterized, and CaO was observed to be successfully impregnated onto HZSM-5 with minor degradation on the catalyst structures. The bio-oil produced through catalytic pyrolysis had increased 16.102 wt% water content, and also lower acid content by 8.02%, and higher aromatic content by 18.86% as compared with non-catalytic pyrolysis, possibly contributed by the combined catalytic effect of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst via deoxygenation and neutralization reactions. Kinetic study using Coats-Redfern method indicated the decrement of activation energy and frequency factor by 2.14% and 49.17%, respectively, at reaction order of three with addition of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst. Similar reductions in activation energies in presence of CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was observed in model-free methods, and the activation energies gradually increased with process conversion due to differences in valorization temperatures of hemicellulose (300 °C), cellulose (340 and 390 °C), and lignin (> 400 °C)

The potential of Biogas in Energy Transition in Indonesia

Indonesia is an agrarian country that has a rich bioenergy potency in liquid (biodiesel, bioethanol). The Government of Indonesia (GoI) has set the target to achieve 23% of renewable energy utilization into the national energy mix by 2025. In addition, the GoI also aims to increase the production of biofuel to 7.21 million kilolitres by 2019. Theoretically, biogas technology will be a strategic measure in achieving the target, however, at the moment the biogas technology market in Indonesia is still in a nascent state, especially for the direct utilization of biogas for electricity production. Alternatively, biogas provides Indonesia with a promising source of energy, which can be injected directly into natural gas grids and hitchhike existing distribution infrastructure, resulting in reduced costs along the production-distribution pipeline. For this reason, biomethane has been the focus of some developing countries (e.g Argentina, Republic of South Africa) in moving toward energy transition. This paper examines the state of the biogas market in Indonesia using literature review. The status of natural gas is mapped out through its available potential and the existing initiation of national programs related to biogas. Finally, the study provides recommendations on how biogas technology could accelerate the energy transition in Indonesia.Instituto de Ingeniería RuralFil: Rianawati, Elisabeth. Resilience Developement Initiative; IndonesiaFil: Sagala, Saut. Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB); IndonesiaFil: Hafiz, Ichsan. Resilience Developement Initiative; IndonesiaFil: Anhorn, Johannes. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit; AlemaniaFil: Alemu, Sinshaw. Iceaddis; EtiopíaFil: Hilbert, Jorge Antonio. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Ingeniería Rural; ArgentinaFil: Rosslee, Dwight. Selectra; SudáfricaFil: Mohammed, Mutala. Institute for Sustainable Energy and Environmental Solutions; GhanaFil: Salie, Yaseen. Green Cape; SudáfricaFil: Rutz, Dominik. WIP Renewable Energies; AlemaniaFil: Rohrer, Michael. Austrian Energy Agency; AustriaFil: Sainz, Angela. European Biogas Association; BélgicaFil: Kirchmeyr, Franz. Austrian Compost and Biogas Association. Kompost und Biogasverband Österreich; AustriaFil: Zacepins, Aleksejs. Latvijas Lauksaimniecibas Universitate; LatviaFil: Frank Hofmann, Frank. Fachverband Biogas; Alemani