The Studies of Garnet Deposits of Iran from Industrial Application Point of View

Garnet is a natural abrasive industrial mineral which produced by four producer In three countries. Garnets include igneous Rocks have formed under metamorphosed and limestone foliated . The most important of the garnet deposits of Iran is located in Koh-E-Gabri, Hamadan and Sangbast in Mashhad .In Iran Garnet is sold about 187$/t, but the range of price in other countries is approximately 160-280$/t. The information about Import and Export and determining the real price of Garnet in Iran is not avail-able definitely. According to the economical and engineer-ing evaluation accomplished on Garnets mine of Iran ,it shows that this mine with greatest Rate of Return ( IRR = 34 %) is one of the best and the most hopeful Garnets mine in Iran. the mines such as Azandrain and Sangbast in Mashahad haven't shown hopeful result Due to its nature

The Characterization and Classification Studies of Bent-onite Mines in IRAN for Application in Drilling and Foundry by AHP Technique

Bentonite is a clay groups which is a very important in todays industry, according to its chemical and physical properties. The most of the consumption of Bentonite in IRAN are in the fields of drilling and foundry. According to the drilling and foundry standards of IRAN, about 25 Bentonite mines have been identified and classified and lastly decided by AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) technique. More than 300 tests about the parameters like wetness, swelling, compressive strength, dry strength, pH, methylen blue, gelling index, yield, viscosity, plastic viscosity, filter loss and sieve analysis have been investigated. The Tashtabkhor mine with highest score (19.85) and the Chahkeshmir mine with lowest score (4.523) in drilling and the Boteh gaz mine with highest score (19.37) and the Gol khandan mine with lowest score (5.094)in foundry, were the mines selected amount 25 mines

Identification of Vanadium on Iron Ore Sample from a Depo-sit in Choghart Area, Iran from Beneficiation Point of View

Large deposits of titanoferous vanadium bearing magnet-ites have been reported from different parts of Iran including those of Choghart area which are rich in vanad-ium. These deposits cannot be directly used for the prod-uction of vanadium because of the unknown feature and characteristics of vanadium in the deposits. To know the mineralogical composition, shape of the particles, chemi-cal character and mesh of grind which play vial role in flowsheet design, samples from Choghart have been subjec-ted to detailed mineralogical and microscopic studies especially SEM, sieve analysis, liberation studies using Davis tube, sink and float tests and particle counting methods and chemical analysis. The results show that most of vanadium is present in magnetite minerals analysing V205 0.45%.Magnetite, hematite, talc (as major minerals) and apatite, calcite, goethite, feldspars, amphibole and pyroxene (as minor minerals) are present in the order of abundance and liberation studies have shown that most of the magnetite particles are free at below 150 microns in which, vanadium element replaced iron, in magnetite structure. This and evenly distribution of vanadium in magnetite sample were further confirmed by SEM technique. Based on the characterization studies carried out it can be predicted, that the combination of low intensity magnetic separation, roasting and leaching would the possible techniques to recover vanadium without ineffective destruction of magnetite structure

Distribution, diversity and abundance of fish species in the Madarsoo River, Golestan National Park, Iran

To assess the effects of two flooding events occurred in the years 2001 and 2002, fish distribution, diversity and abundance in Madarsoo River of the Golestan National Park were studied and compared to that of the years before the events. A total of five fish species from four sites were collected. Assemblage of fish population showed changes in their overall relative abundance and distribution across sampling sites and times. We estimated the abundance of Capoeta capoeta gracilis at 2.331:2.6, Alburnoides bipunctatus at 0.17±0.15, Paracobitis malapterura at 0.0474±0.031 and Leuciscus cephalus at 0.005±0.01 fish per square meter of the stream. The abundance of Cc.gracilis showed significant increase while that of the A. bipunctatus did not undergo such significant change in comparison with the data from the years before flooding events (P<0.01). The Shannon diversity index was significantly different between sites and with the increase in the number of riffles and pools in the river, the index and population size of the fish species showed an upward trend. Three fish species Oncorhynchus mykiss, Neogobius melanostomus affinis and Neogobius fluviafilis which were abundant before the floods did not show up in the samples at all. Also, of the Barbus mursa, only one specimen was caught. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) results suggest that two species C. c. gracilis and P. malapterura are more resistant against changes in environmental conditions

A Method to Relate the Affecting Parameters and Estimate Dilution in Coal Mines

This study provides an overview of the various issues influencing Out-of-Seam Dilution (OSD) in longwall mining method. The collected data has been statistically analyzed to examine the effect of the some factors causing OSD in front of the longwall mining face. Multiple parameter regression analysis was conducted on affecting parameters and the OSD. The SPSS (Statistics Package for Social Sciences) for Windows software package was used for the statistics analysis. Finally, a relationship between affecting parameters and the OSD is established by using the multiple parameter regression results. Results of this study have revealed that depth of seam, dip of seam, roof quality and variation in seam thickness are the most important influence factors for OSD. The proposed method may be utilized for the estimation of OSD for similar mines since, it was based on actual collected data from the coal mines

Volume 3 Chapter 6: Transformation paths

There is little doubt that the currently observed patterns of climate change are predominantly caused by human activity (Volume 1, Chapter 1). This chapter addresses the challenge of stabilizing climate change at 2 degrees C and particularly focuses on the questions which mitigation and adaptation measures in Austria can contribute to achieve this goal. Additionally, a number of desirable co-benefits pertaining to socio-ecological transformation leading towards limiting climate change are analysed. In the Copenhagen Accord (UNFCC) and in the EU-Ruling, a goal of limiting the rise of global average temperature to +2 degrees C compared to pre-industrial times has been deemed as necessary to limit dangerous anthropogenic climate change impacts, despite calls from scientists to consider a +1.5 degrees C target. It is an internationally accepted target supported by a broad number of supporters, including industrialized and developing countries as well as non-state actors. Without actions towards reducing emissions, significant negative impacts on the socio-economic conditions in Austria can be expected. This derives an important obligation to undertake necessary mitigation measures in Austria. Mitigation and adaptation measures are necessary, but by themselves provide insufficient conditions for sustainable development. Achievement of the 2 degrees C target requires a focus on climate friendly technologies, as well as behavioural - and institutional change. In particular, the activities of energy provision and consumption, industrial processes and agriculture deserve attention: in 2012, the energy sector activities caused 74.6% of GHG emissions (with one third originating from road transport), industrial processes caused 13.6%, and agriculture triggered 9.4% of emissions, (excluding emission effects of forest cover expansion, cf. Anderl et al., 2014). The corresponding figures for 2010 are: energy sector 75.9%, industrial processes: 12.7%, agriculture: 8.8% (Anderl et al., 2014). To stabilize the climate, the climate impact criteria have to be integrated in all decisions regarding investment, production, politics and consumption, in order to reduce the risk of irreversible changes. At the same time, the social- and economic framing conditions must be respected. Measures to address climate change have to be integrated into the broader criteria of sustainability. Discussions of climate protection measures are typically reduced to additional costs and undesirable changes. Thereby the manifold potential co-benefits of such measures, for example with respect to quality of life, health, employment, rural development, environmental protection, security of supply, and international trade balances are mostly ignored. Integrating these criteria and effects into the analysis is required for being able to display the full spectrum of options for addressing climate change

Acute pain management in emergency department, low dose ketamine versus morphine, a randomized clinical trial

Background: Ketamine, as an opium alternative, has been proposed for pain relief in the emergency department (ED). Objectives: This study was carried out to compare low dose ketamine (LDK) with morphine for pain relief in trauma patients. Methods: In this randomized double-blinded clinical trial, 300 trauma patients from the ED of 2 teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 equal groups. The 1st group received 0.2 mg/kg of ketamine while the 2nd group received 0.1 mg/kg of intravenous morphine. The pain intensity and complications were measured and compared every 15 minutes to 1 hour. Results: Fifteen minutes after drug injection in both groups, a significant reduction was found in average pain intensity compared to the initial pain (P = 0.01). At 15 minutes, no significant difference was found in both groups in regards to average pain intensity (P = 0.23). The average pain intensity at 30, 45, and 60 minutes in the group receiving morphine was lower than the ketamine group (P = 0.01, P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.001 respectively). Two complications (drop in O2 saturation below 90 and flushing) were significantly greater in the morphine group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that LDK, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, in the earlier minutes leads to significant reduction of pain when compared to that of intravenous morphine. It also created fewer complications than morphine. © 2017, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

Acute pain management in emergency department, low dose ketamine versus morphine, a randomized clinical trial

Background: Ketamine, as an opium alternative, has been proposed for pain relief in the emergency department (ED). Objectives: This study was carried out to compare low dose ketamine (LDK) with morphine for pain relief in trauma patients. Methods: In this randomized double-blinded clinical trial, 300 trauma patients from the ED of 2 teaching hospitals in Tehran, Iran were enrolled and randomly divided into 2 equal groups. The 1st group received 0.2 mg/kg of ketamine while the 2nd group received 0.1 mg/kg of intravenous morphine. The pain intensity and complications were measured and compared every 15 minutes to 1 hour. Results: Fifteen minutes after drug injection in both groups, a significant reduction was found in average pain intensity compared to the initial pain (P = 0.01). At 15 minutes, no significant difference was found in both groups in regards to average pain intensity (P = 0.23). The average pain intensity at 30, 45, and 60 minutes in the group receiving morphine was lower than the ketamine group (P = 0.01, P &lt; 0.001, P &lt; 0.001 respectively). Two complications (drop in O2 saturation below 90 and flushing) were significantly greater in the morphine group. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that LDK, at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg, in the earlier minutes leads to significant reduction of pain when compared to that of intravenous morphine. It also created fewer complications than morphine. © 2017, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine

Electrocardiographic changes in patients with tramadol-induced idiosyncratic seizures

Objectives To assess ECG changes in patients with tramadol-induced seizure(s) and compare these changes in lower and higher than 500 mg tramadol doses as a main goal. Material and methods In an analytical-cross sectional manner over 1 year, 170 patients with idiosyncratic seizure(s) after using tramadol, were studied. Full data were recorded for each patient. ECGs were taken from all the patients on admission and 1 h later and were assessed for findings. Results 70 of 170 patients (41.2) had used lower than 500 mg doses of tramadol while 90 patients (52.9) were included in the high dose group. Rate of female patients in the high dose group was significantly higher. The average age of patients in the high dose group was significantly lower (22.04 vs 25.76). The high dose group had significantly higher heart rates. There was no history of cardiovascular diseases; two patients had previous history of seizure. No significant difference was shown between low dose and high dose groups from the point of ECG changes. Discussion and conclusion Using doses higher than 500 mg is more frequently seen in women, young people and those who have not experienced previous use of tramadol. Terminal S wave, sinus tachycardia, and terminal R wave in the lead aVR are among the most common ECG changes in tramadol users. © 2016 The Emergency Medicine Association of Turke

Delta opioid receptors regulate temporoammonic-activated feedforward inhibition to the mouse CA1 hippocampus

The opioid system influences learning and memory processes. However, neural mechanisms underlying the modulation of hippocampal activity by opioid receptors remain largely unknown. Here, we compared how mu and delta receptors operate within the mouse CA1 network, and used knock-in mice expressing functional delta opioid receptors fused to the green fluorescent protein (DOR-eGFP) to determine how delta opioid receptor-expressing interneurons integrate within the hippocampal circuitry. Through whole cell patch-clamp recording of CA1 pyramidal neurons from wild-type and DOR-eGFP mice, we found that mu and delta receptors both modulate spontaneous GABAergic inhibition received by these cells. Interestingly, mu but not delta receptor activation decreased the feed-forward inhibitory input evoked by Schaffer collateral stimulation. However, mu and delta agonists modulated GABAergic feed-forward inhibition when evoked upon stimulation of the temporoammonic pathway. In addition, anterograde tracing using biotinylated dextran amine injected into the entorhinal cortex of DOR-eGFP mice suggests the existence of synaptic contacts between temporoammonic afferents and delta receptor-expressing interneurons processes in CA1. Altogether, our data demonstrate a distinct modulatory role of the hippocampal network activity by mu and delta opioid receptors, and show for the first time that delta receptor-expressing interneurons in the CA1 are recruited by the temporoammonic pathway rather than the Schaffer collateral.Funding: The authors thank their funding sources including the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, the Université de Strasbourg, The Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (IMOP), the National Institutes of Health (NIDA DA-05010) and the Stefan and Shirley Hatos Center for europharmacology. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript