Intentional Worlds and Global Citizenship

We examine the influence of students' understanding of intentional worlds on antecedents, identification, and outcomes of global citizenship. The intentional worlds scale contains four dimensions (cultural grounding of psychological experience, culture as socially constructed, dynamic construction of culture, subjective experience of reality) that load on a higher-order latent construct representing a belief in intentional worlds. The belief in intentional worlds predicts antecedents (normative environment, global awareness), antecedents predict global citizenship identification, and identification with global citizens predicts prosocial outcomes (intergroup empathy, valuing diversity, social justice, environmental sustainability, intergroup helping, responsibility to act). Overall, the results show that a greater understanding of culture as fluid and dynamic leads to greater global citizenship identification

Inclusive Global Citizenship Education: Measuring Types of Global Citizens

In three studies, we constructed and provided initial evidence of validity for a measure of types of global citizenship. Oxley and Morris (2013) proposed eight different types of global citizens based on prior theory (e.g., moral, economic). We constructed and examined the factor structure of a measure of these different types (Study 1). With the exception of a social dimension of global citizenship, all of the proposed types appeared to be distinct factors. In Study 2, we found the same factor structure in a different sample of participants and examined associations between the dimensions and prosocial values related to global citizenship (e.g., social justice, intergroup helping). Lastly, in Study 3 we examined the associations between the seven different types of global citizenship, different types of intended activist behaviors, and various values (e.g., moral foundations, core political values). Together, the results suggest that the measure of global citizen types is a valid and reliable measure

Effect of Framing of Reentry Program on Perceptions of Ex-Offenders

We examine the effect of the framing of reentry programs on participants’ perceptions of ex-offenders. Across four studies, participants expressed more favorable attitudes toward an ex-offender who completed a global citizen reentry program than an ex-offender who did not complete a reentry program. The results show that ex-offenders who complete a global citizen reentry program (vs. no program) are viewed as more likeable and similar to oneself, which then predicts reduced prejudice and greater endorsement to hire the ex-offender. The results are discussed in relation to the crossed categorization model of prejudice reduction

Identity Theft: Moral Antecedents, Moral Anger, and Impression Management

In two experiments (N = 162; N = 192) participants' reactions to identity theft are examined. Identity theft is defined as a situation in which a person intentionally appropriates distinctive characteristics of another person's identity. Identity theft represents a moral violation against an individual's claim to display a public identity. Participants reported greater negative reactions when imagining another person appropriating many, but not one, self-characteristics. Moral appraisals of the theft (i.e., illegitimacy, intention to harm) mediated the relationship between the increase in number of self-characteristics copied and anger expressed by participants (Experiment 1). When the thief acknowledged the theft, anger was attenuated. The perception that the harm was not intentional and the perceived honesty of the copier mediated the relationship between the thief acknowledging the theft and participants' anger (Experiment 2). The implications of the present findings for past identity theft research and impression management is discussed

Gender Pay Gap in Sports on a Fan-Request Celebrity Video Site

The internet is often thought of as a democratizer, enabling equality in aspects such as pay, as well as a tool introducing novel communication and monetization opportunities. In this study we examine athletes on Cameo, a website that enables bi-directional fancelebrity interactions, questioning whether the well-documented gender pay gaps in sports persist in this digital setting. Traditional studies into gender pay gaps in sports are mostly in a centralized setting where an organization decides the pay for the players, while Cameo facilitates grass-roots fan engagement where fans pay for video messages from their preferred athletes. The results showed that even on such a platform gender pay gaps persist, both in terms of cost-per-message, and in the number of requests, proxied by number of ratings. For instance, we find that female athletes have a median pay of 30$per-video, while the same statistic is 40$ for men. The results also contribute to the study of parasocial relationships and personalized fan engagements over a distance. Something that has become more relevant during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, where in-person fan engagement has often been limited

Smashing back Doors in: Negative Attitudes toward Bottoms within the Gay Community

In the current study, we examined the relationship between hegemonic masculinity and negative attitudes toward effeminacy with prejudice toward sex-role identities in the gay community. Participants recruited from LGBTQA+ student groups from across the United States, completed measures related to their adherence toward hegemonic masculinity, attitudes toward effeminacy, and opinions about bottoms (men who prefer to be penetrated during anal intercourse). The results showed, first, established evidence that a prejudice toward bottoms does exist. Second, anti-effeminacy attitudes, hostile and benevolent sexism, and male toughness norms predicted prejudice toward bottoms. Taken together, the results illuminate both the importance of sex-role identities within the gay community, and marginalization within the community directed toward men who identify as bottoms

College Course Curriculum and Global Citizenship

This article examines the influence of participation in a college course infused with global citizen-related curriculum on antecedents, identification, and outcomes of global citizenship. Students completed measures regarding global citizenship at the beginning and end of a college semester. Global-infused curriculum was operationalised as the number of words related to global citizenship contained in course syllabi. While controlling for student ratings at the beginning of the semester and measurement error, global-infused curriculum predicted students' global awareness at the end of the semester. Global awareness predicted students' identification with global citizens, and global citizenship identification predicted endorsement of prosocial values. The results highlight the importance of global education to raise global awareness and engender students' global citizenship identification and related prosocial values

Blurring Group Boundaries: The Impact of Subgroup Threats on Global Citizenship

We examined the outcomes of an extinction threat (possible discontinuation of a group’s symbolic or actual existence) to one’s nation on global citizenship identification and related prosocial values. In Study 1, participants showed a drop in global citizenship identification when America was threatened (vs. absence of threat). In Study 2, participants reported lower global citizenship identification when America was threatened (vs. absence of threat) and the perception that one’s normative environment did not support a global citizen identity mediated the relationship between threat and identification. Furthermore, the threat was shown to indirectly predict lower endorsement for prosocial values and behaviors (e.g., intergroup empathy and helping). Together, the results highlight threats to subgroups as a potential barrier to viewing oneself as a global citizen

A Social Identity Perspective of Personality Differences between Fan and Non-Fan Identities

In three studies of fan communities we examined differences in the Big Five personality traits between fans’ personal and fan identities. In all three studies, self-identified furries completed a measure of the Big Five personality traits for both their personal and furry identity. In Study 1, furries were found to rate all five dimensions higher when referring to their furry (vs. personal) identity. In Study 2 we replicated these results and further found that the effect was not limited to furries: sport fans also reported different personality ratings when referring to their fan or personal identity. In Study 3, we again replicated the results while testing predictors of personality differences between salient identities. A path model showed that felt connection to one’s fandom identity predicted greater frequency of fandom identity salience, which, in turn, predicted greater personality disparity between identities. Taken together, the results suggest the role of the social identity perspective in explaining inconsistencies in personality

Maturity and Well-Being: Consistent Associations Across Samples and Measures

Introduction: Researchers have noted an association between maturity and well-being. However, this body of research uses different measures and conceptualizations of maturity (e.g., ego development, psychosocial maturity) and often only a few indicators of well-being. In the present research, we examined associations between a single self-rated measure of maturity and a variety of different indicators of well-being. Furthermore, we examined this association across a variety of samples. We hypothesized that maturity will show a positive relationship with measures related to well-being. Methods: Samples of college students (Studies 1, 3, 4), Star Wars fans (Study 2), and individuals in the U.S., Canada, Brazil, Vietnam, and India (Study 5) completed a short measure of maturity and measures related to well-being. Results: Across the studies, self-rated maturity was consistently positively correlated with various indicators of well-being (e.g., psychological, physical) and related constructs (e.g., self-compassion, empathy). Conclusion: The results highlight the association between maturity and well-being. Furthermore, the results address the fragmented nature of this association in the literature by showing consistent relationships with a variety of well-being indicators with a single measure of maturity. Assessments of maturity may be beneficial in hiring decisions and student evaluation in the healthcare profession