The MIK2/SCOOP Signaling System Contributes to Arabidopsis Resistance Against Herbivory by Modulating Jasmonate and Indole Glucosinolate Biosynthesis.

Initiation of plant immune signaling requires recognition of conserved molecular patterns from microbes and herbivores by plasma membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors. Additionally, plants produce and secrete numerous small peptide hormones, termed phytocytokines, which act as secondary danger signals to modulate immunity. In Arabidopsis, the Brassicae-specific SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) family consists of 14 members that are perceived by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2). Recognition of SCOOP peptides elicits generic early signaling responses but knowledge on how and if SCOOPs modulate specific downstream immune defenses is limited. We report here that depletion of MIK2 or the single PROSCOOP12 precursor results in decreased Arabidopsis resistance against the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis but not the specialist Pieris brassicae. Increased performance of S. littoralis on mik2-1 and proscoop12 is accompanied by a diminished accumulation of jasmonic acid, jasmonate-isoleucine and indolic glucosinolates. Additionally, we show transcriptional activation of the PROSCOOP gene family in response to insect herbivory. Our data therefore indicate that perception of endogenous SCOOP peptides by MIK2 modulates the jasmonate pathway and thereby contributes to enhanced defense against a generalist herbivore

Impact of an interdisciplinary strategy on antibiotic use: a prospective controlled study in three hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: Evaluation of the impact of the implementation of practice guidelines, with or without their reinforcement by a pharmacist, on the intra-hospital use of antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The duration of antibiotic treatment, their cost, and the length of patient stay were compared in three secondary-care hospitals, before and after interventions that were designed to promote rational antibiotic use. After randomization, hospital A received no intervention (control), local practice guidelines were implemented in hospital B (low grade intervention), and these guidelines were reinforced by a clinical pharmacist in hospital C (high grade intervention). Adherence to the guidelines was measured in hospitals B and C. Multivariable statistical analyses were carried out to adjust for confounding factors. RESULTS: None of the outcomes measured in the 1200 included patients decreased between the two study periods in any hospital. Hospital A was significantly and independently associated with an increase in the duration of antibiotic treatments, the cost of antibiotics (acquisition and global costs), and the length of stay. Although these differences were not statistically significant, increases in hospital B were higher than in hospital C. Adherence to guidelines was significantly higher in hospital C. CONCLUSIONS: Even though interdisciplinary interventions aiming at rationalizing antibiotic use could not diminish the duration of treatments, their costs or the length of stay, they proved useful to control the progression of these parameters

Modeling the actinides with disordered local moments

A first-principles disordered local moment (DLM) picture within the local-spin-density and coherent potential approximations (LSDA+CPA) of the actinides is presented. The parameter free theory gives an accurate description of bond lengths and bulk modulus. The case of $\delta$-Pu is studied in particular and the calculated density of states is compared to data from photo-electron spectroscopy. The relation between the DLM description, the dynamical mean field approach and spin-polarized magnetically ordered modeling is discussed.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

Intercalibration of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at start-up

Calibration of the relative response of the individual channels of the barrel electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS detector was accomplished, before installation, with cosmic ray muons and test beams. One fourth of the calorimeter was exposed to a beam of high energy electrons and the relative calibration of the channels, the intercalibration, was found to be reproducible to a precision of about 0.3%. Additionally, data were collected with cosmic rays for the entire ECAL barrel during the commissioning phase. By comparing the intercalibration constants obtained with the electron beam data with those from the cosmic ray data, it is demonstrated that the latter provide an intercalibration precision of 1.5% over most of the barrel ECAL. The best intercalibration precision is expected to come from the analysis of events collected in situ during the LHC operation. Using data collected with both electrons and pion beams, several aspects of the intercalibration procedures based on electrons or neutral pions were investigated

Canicule et Pharmacie hospitalière en Valais

Introduction: Suite à la canicule de 2003, l'importance pour la santé publique des vagues de chaleur avait été mise en évidence. Cependant, les aspects se rapportant aux médicaments avaient été peu abordés, avant d'être davantage considérés mi-2004, notamment dans le «Plan canicule» français. La Pharmacie de l'ICHV s'est donc efforcée, au printemps 2004, de définir ses propres lignes d'action pour adapter son organisation et ses services. Objectifs: Définir au niveau des services pharmaceutiques, en particulier cliniques, des recommandations pratiques et proposer des moyens de mise en oeuvre. Méthode: Une recherche de littérature a été effectuée et a permis d'identifier les variables à prendre en compte. Basée sur celles-ci, une analyse ponctuelle (sur une journée) a été conduite à l'aide du dossier patient informatisé Phoenix® pour estimer la fréquence d'utilisation des médicaments à problème auprès d'une population considérée comme étant à risque (patients > 70 ans d'un service de chirurgie). Dans le domaine logistique, une recherche similaire a été conduite et des analyses à l'aide du logiciel Opale® ont été réalisées. Résultats: Compte tenu de la littérature, différentes variables en relation avec la pharmacothérapie sont à considérer: * Médicaments à risque (altérant la fonction rénale ou empêchant la perte calorique) ou à surveiller (dont la déshydratation influence la pharmacocinétique ou ceux aggravant les effets de la chaleur); * Patients à risque (> 70 ans ou déments); * Situations à risque (chirurgie élective, sortie d'hôpital). L'analyse en chirurgie a montré que 75% des patients étaient traités par des médicaments à risque et que 100% des patients recevaient des médicaments à surveiller. Au plan logistique, notre recherche a permis de définir un certain nombre de produits sensibles. Discussion-conclusion: Malgré les limites de cette analyse ponctuelle, mais compte tenu de la fréquence d'utilisation des médicaments à problème, le pharmacien doit, lors de canicules, pouvoir directement ou indirectement conseiller le prescripteur, p. ex., en: * relevant dans les dossiers, les patients, les situations et les médicaments à risque ou à surveiller et en formulant des propositions de prise en charge; * suivant systématiquement les fonctions rénales de ces patients; * proposant d'instaurer une alarme dans les dossiers informatisés pour aider à déceler les situations à risque. Au niveau de la pharmacie centrale et des pharmacies d'étage, la gestion de stock des produits sensibles requière diverses améliorations. La canicule constitue une problématique complexe et le pharmacien d'hôpital se doit d'y prêter attention dans ses activités. La pharmacie de l'ICHV, sur la base de ces éléments, va préparer un plan d'action à activer dans des conditions à convenir avec la direction et les hôpitaux

Les stephanodiscus (Diatomees) du lac Leman : Description d'une nouvelle espece, Stephanodiscus irregularis ; mise au point taxonomique et distributions saisonnieres

National audienc

A preliminary methodological approach to study the transcriptome of Buchnera, the intracellular symbiotic bacteria of aphids

International audienc

Analyse du transcriptome de Buchnera, la bactérie symbiotique intracellulaire des pucerons : une approche méthodologique

International audienc

The Cuticle Mutant eca2 Modifies Plant Defense Responses to Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens and Herbivory Insects.

We isolated previously several Arabidopsis thaliana mutants with constitutive expression of the early microbe-associated molecular pattern-induced gene ATL2, named eca (expresión constitutiva de ATL2). Here, we further explored the interaction of eca mutants with pest and pathogens. Of all eca mutants, eca2 was more resistant to a fungal pathogen (Botrytis cinerea) and a bacterial pathogen (Pseudomonas syringae) as well as to a generalist herbivorous insect (Spodoptera littoralis). Permeability of the cuticle is increased in eca2; chemical characterization shows that eca2 has a significant reduction of both cuticular wax and cutin. Additionally, we determined that eca2 did not display a similar compensatory transcriptional response, compared with a previously characterized cuticular mutant, and that resistance to B. cinerea is mediated by the priming of the early and late induced defense responses, including salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-induced genes. These results suggest that ECA2-dependent responses are involved in the nonhost defense mechanism against biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens and against a generalist insect by modulation and priming of innate immunity and late defense responses. Making eca2 an interesting model to characterize the molecular basis for plant defenses against different biotic interactions and to study the initial events that take place in the cuticle surface of the aerial organs