Popper’s Liberaslim: more necessary tan never

Sin lugar a dudas, la democracia se encuentra en constante peligro. La creación ateniense -tomada posteriormente por los países latinoamericanos en la figura política-administrativa de la República-, ha demostrado no ser el mejor modelo de gobierno, pero (sí, un gran pero), el menos malo, como lo expreso un político inglés cuando veía que la era su imperio llegaba a su fin. Y uno de esos defensores fue el ácido crítico del Círculo de Viena y filósofo contemporáneo Karl Popper, quien vivió en carne propia los errores de la democracia y los horrores de los totalitarismos. Popper, defensor de la democracia al límite, que incluso dentro de sus escritos podemos apreciar las paradojas que ve él en ésta, no vacilará cuando el sistema del gobierno del pueblo, para el pueblo y por el pueblo, caiga en la tentación de elegir la dictadura. Para ello, nos dice el filósofo, la democracia debe crear los mecanismos para que esto no suceda y no volvamos a tener una elección popular que lleva a un demagogo y criminal al poder, como lo fue la Alemania de Hitler. El pensamiento del filósofo crítico del historicismo, es liberal. Un liberalismo inglés y no como lo entendemos y vivimos en varios Estados de América, donde se es liberal económico y conservador en las ideas. No, Popper es liberal. Un verdadero liberal

El Liberalismo de Popper: Más necesario que nunca

Undoubtedly, democracy is in constant danger. The Athenian creation -later taken by the Latin American countries in the political-administrative figure of the Republic- has demonstrated not to be the best government model, but (yes, a great but), the less evil, as expressed by an English politician when he saw that his empire era was coming to an end. And one of those defenders was the critical acid of the Vienna Circle and contemporary philosopher Karl Popper, who lived on his own flesh the mistakes of democracy and the horrors of totalitarianism. Popper, defender of democracy to the limit, who even within his writings we can appreciate the paradoxes he sees in this, will not hesitate when the system of government of the people, for the people and the people, fall into the temptation to choose the dictatorship. For this, the philosopher tells us, democracy must create mechanisms so that this does not happen and we do not have a popular election that takes a demagogue and criminal to power, as was Hitler’s Germany. The thinking of the critical philosopher of historicism is liberal. An English liberalism and not as we understand it and we live in several States of America, where people is economic liberal and conservative in the ideas. No, Popper is liberal. A true liberal.Keywords: Democracy - Liberalism - Popper - Open Society - Stat

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

What Is the Support for Conspiracy Beliefs About COVID-19 Vaccines in Latin America? A Prospective Exploratory Study in 13 Countries

Conspiracy theories about COVID-19 began to emerge immediately after the first news about the disease and threaten to prolong the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic by limiting people’s willingness of receiving a life-saving vaccine. In this context, this study aimed to explore the variation of conspiracy beliefs regarding COVID-19 and the vaccine against it in 5779 people living in 13 Latin American countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) according to sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, educational level and source of information about COVID-19. The study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic between September 15 and October 25, 2021. The Spanish-language COVID-19 Vaccine Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (ECCV-COVID) and a sociodemographic survey were used. The results indicate that, in most countries, women, people with a lower educational level and those who receive information about the vaccine and COVID-19 from family/friends are more supportive of conspiracy ideas regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. In the case of age, the results vary by country. The analysis of the responses to each of the questions of the ECCV-COVID reveals that, in general, the countries evaluated are mostly in some degree of disagreement or indecision regarding conspiratorial beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The findings could help open further study which could support prevention and treatment efforts during the COVID-19 pandemic.Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Ventura León, José. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala; MéxicoFil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Carbajal León, Carlos. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: White, Michael. Universidad Peruana Unión; PerúFil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Católica de Maule; ChileFil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología; ChileFil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Universidad Católica de Maule; Chile. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; Brasil. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata. Secretaría de Ciencia y Técnica. Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud y del Comportamiento; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Instituto Rosario de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Educación; ArgentinaFil: Palacios, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez; GuatemalaFil: Moreta Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador; El SalvadorFil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Centro de Estudios Adlerianos; UruguayFil: Puerta Cortés, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; ColombiaFil: Corrales Reyes, Ibraín Enrique. Hospital General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes; CubaFil: Calderón, Raymundo. Universidad del Valle de México; MéxicoFil: Pinto Tapia, Bismarck. Universidad Catolica Boliviana; BoliviaFil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; PerúFil: Petzold, Olimpia. Université Libre de Bruxelles; Bélgica. Lone Star College-Conroe Center; Estados Unido

Cross-cultural invariance of the Spanish version of the COVID-19 Assessment Scorecard to measure the perception of government actions against COVID-19 in Latin America

Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the measurement invariance of a general measure of the perception of governmental responses to COVID-|19 (COVID-SCORE-10) in the general population of 13 Latin American countries. Methods: A total of 5780 individuals from 13 Latin American and Caribbean countries selected by non-probabilistic snowball sampling participated. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the alignment method was used to evaluate invariance. Additionally, a graded response model was used for the assessment of item characteristics. Results: The results indicate that there is approximate measurement invariance of the COVID-SCORE-10 among the participating countries. Furthermore, IRT results suggest that the COVID-SCORE-10 measures with good psychometric ability a broad spectrum of the construct assessed, especially around average levels. Comparison of COVID-SCORE-10 scores indicated that participants from Cuba, Uruguay and El Salvador had the most positive perceptions of government actions to address the pandemic. Thus, the underlying construct of perception of government actions was equivalent in all countries. Conclusion: The results show the importance of initially establishing the fundamental measurement properties and MI before inferring the cross-cultural universality of the construct to be measured.Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Cientifica del Sur;Fil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Ventura León, José. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Carbajal León, Carlos. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Delgado Campusano, Mariel. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Yupanqui Lorenzo, Daniel E.. Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; PerúFil: Paredes Angeles, Rubí. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia;Fil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Católica de Maule; ChileFil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Universidad Católica de Maule; Chile. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; Argentina. Universidad Adventista del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento Formación Basica. Laboratorio de Ciencias de Comportamiento; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Cuadernos de Neuropsicología; ChileFil: Palacios, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez; GuatemalaFil: Moreta-Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador; El SalvadorFil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Instituto Alfred Adler Uruguay; UruguayFil: Puerta Cortés, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; ColombiaFil: Corrales Reyes, Ibraín Enrique. Hospital General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes; CubaFil: Calderón, Raymundo. Colegio Estatal de Psicólogos En Intervención de Jalisco A.c. Guadalajara; MéxicoFil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; PerúFil: Petzold, Olimpia. Lone Star College; Estados UnidosFil: Vergara, Ibeth. Universidad Latina de Panamá; PanamáFil: Vega, Diego. Universidad Latina de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Barria Asenjo, Nicol A.. Universidad de Los Lagos; ChileFil: Schulmeyer, Marion K.. Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra; BoliviaFil: Urrutia Rios, Hassell Tatiana. Asociación Nicaragüense para el desarrollo de la psicología; NicaraguaFil: Lira Lira, Arelly Esther. Asociación Nicaragüense para el desarrollo de la psicología; Nicaragu

Relationship Between Fear of COVID-19, Conspiracy Beliefs About Vaccines and Intention to Vaccinate Against COVID-19: A Cross-National Indirect Effect Model in 13 Latin American Countries

The present study explored the predictive capacity of fear of COVID-19 on the intention to be vaccinated against COVID-19 and the influence in this relationship of conspiracy beliefs as a possible mediating psychological variable, in 13 Latin American countries. A total of 5779 people recruited through non-probabilistic convenience sampling participated. To collect information, we used the Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Vaccine conspiracy beliefs Scale-COVID-19 and a single item of intention to vaccinate. A full a priori Structural Equation Model was used; whereas, cross-country invariance was performed from increasingly restricted structural models. The results indicated that, fear of COVID-19 positively predicts intention to vaccinate and the presence of conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines. The latter negatively predicted intention to vaccinate against COVID-19. Besides, conspiracy beliefs about COVID-19 vaccines had an indirect effect on the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 in the 13 countries assessed. Finally, the cross-national similarities of the mediational model among the 13 participating countries are strongly supported. The study is the first to test a cross-national mediational model across variables in a large number of Latin American countries. However, further studies with other countries in other regions of the world are needed.Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Cientifica del Sur;Fil: Tomás, José M.. Universidad de Valencia; EspañaFil: Yupanqui Lorenzo, Daniel E.. Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; PerúFil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Carbajal León, Carlos. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Ventura León, José. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Paredes Angeles, Rubí. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia;Fil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; PerúFil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Delgado Campusano, Mariel. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Católica de Maule; ChileFil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Centro de Estudios Académicos En Neuropsicología; ChileFil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento Formación Basica. Laboratorio de Ciencias de Comportamiento; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; ArgentinaFil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador; El SalvadorFil: Moreta Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Palacios Segura, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez; GuatemalaFil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Centro de Estudios Adlerianos; UruguayFil: Puerta Cortés, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; ColombiaFil: Camargo, Andrés. Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina; ColombiaFil: Torales, Julio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Vergara, Ibeth. Universidad Latina de Panamá; Panamá. Asociación Panameña de Psicólogos; PanamáFil: Vega, Diego. Universidad Latina de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Shulmeyer, Marion K.. Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra; BoliviaFil: Barria Asenjo, Nicol A.. Universidad de Los Lagos; ChileFil: Urrutia Rios, Hassell Tatiana. Asociación Nicaragüense para el Desarrollo de la Psicología; ArgentinaFil: Lira Lira, Arelly Esther. Asociación Nicaragüense para el Desarrollo de la Psicología; Argentin

Network Analysis of Posttraumatic Growth Dimensions: A Cross-Sectional Study in People Who Experienced the Death of a Loved One from COVID-19 in 16 Latin American Countries

The present study aimed to apply a network analysis model to provide an exploratory empirical conceptualization of dynamic networks of posttraumatic growth (PTG) symptoms in 7,434 people who experienced the death of a loved one from COVID-19 in 16 Latin American countries. The Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory: Short Form of Eight Items was used. A non-regularized network with partial correlation coefficients was estimated through the ggmModSelect algorithm. The network architecture was analyzed for each country through its local properties and global properties. The results indicated that the networks differed significantly between countries. The core dimensions in the networks were relating to others, personal strength, and life value and opportunities, which were more related dimensions that reinforce the emergence of PTG in all countries. The findings may be useful to motivate researchers and mental health professionals to consider the importance of the individual dimensions of PTG in groups of people who experienced the death of a loved one from COVID-19 in 16 Latin American countries, as well as their interrelationships.Fil: Caycho Rodríguez, Tomás. Universidad Científica del Sur; PerúFil: Baños Chaparro, Jonatan. Universidad Científica del Sur; PerúFil: Ventura León, José. Universidad Privada del Norte; PerúFil: Vilca, Lindsey W.. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Carbajal León, Carlos. Universidad Norbert Wiener; PerúFil: Valencia, Pablo D.. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; MéxicoFil: Yupanqui Lorenzo, Daniel E.. Universidad de Ciencias y Humanidades; PerúFil: Paredes Angeles, Rubí. Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia;Fil: Arias Gallegos, Walter L.. Universidad Católica San Pablo; PerúFil: Reyes Bossio, Mario. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Delgado Campusano, Mariel. Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas; PerúFil: Gallegos de San Vicente, Miguel Omar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: Rojas Jara, Claudio. Universidad Católica de Maule; ChileFil: Polanco Carrasco, Roberto. Centro de Estudios Académicos En Neuropsicología; ChileFil: Cervigni, Mauricio Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología. Secretaria de Ciencia y Tecnología. Centro de Investigación En Neurociencias de Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Martino, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Psicología. Departamento Formación Basica. Laboratorio de Ciencias de Comportamiento; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Rosario. Facultad de Psicología; ArgentinaFil: Lobos Rivera, Marlon Elías. Universidad Tecnológica de El Salvador; El SalvadorFil: Moreta Herrera, Rodrigo. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Palacios Segura, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Mariano Gálvez; GuatemalaFil: Samaniego Pinho, Antonio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Buschiazzo Figares, Andrés. Centro de Estudios Adlerianos; UruguayFil: Puerta Cortés, Diana Ximena. Universidad de Ibagué; ColombiaFil: Camargo, Andrés. Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina; ColombiaFil: Torales, Julio. Universidad Nacional de Asunción; ParaguayFil: Vega, Diego. Universidad Latina de Costa Rica; Costa RicaFil: Schulmeyer, Marion K.. Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra; BoliviaFil: Barria Asenjo, Nicol A.. Universidad de Los Lagos; ChileFil: Urrutia Rios, Hassell Tatiana. Asociación Nicaragüense para el desarrollo de la Psicología; NicaraguaFil: Lira Lira, Arelly Esther. Asociación Nicaragüense para el desarrollo de la Psicología; NicaraguaFil: Ayala Colqui, Jesús. Universidad Tecnológica del Perú; Per

Pandemic Grief and Suicidal Ideation in Latin American Countries: A Network Analysis

This study aimed to characterize the network structure of pandemic grief symptoms and suicidal ideation in 2174 people from eight Latin American countries. Pandemic grief and suicidal ideation were measured using the Pandemic Grief Scale and a single item, respectively. Network analysis provides an in-depth characterization of symptom-symptom interactions within mental disorders. The results indicated that, “desire to die,” “apathy” and “absence of sense of life” are the most central symptoms in a pandemic grief symptom network; therefore, these symptoms could be focal elements for preventive and treatment efforts. Suicidal ideation, the wish to die, and the absence of meaning in life had the strongest relationship. In general, the network structure did not differ among the participating countries. It identifies specific symptoms within the network that may increase the likelihood of their co-occurrence and is useful at the therapeutic level.Revisión por pare