Effect of the ionic liquid [BMIN] [OTf] on germination and early growth of D. carota and A. sulcata and on soil microbial activity of an oakland

The 20th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry session Ionic LiquidsAlthough the ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as green solvents, mainly due to their negligible vapor pressure, the effects on the environment are scarcely studied. In this work, effects of the IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate, [BMIN] [OTf], on germination and on growth during the seedling stage of two herbaceous forest species with wide geographical distribution: Daucus carota L. and Avena sulcata (Gay ex Boiss.) was determined. Changes on soil microbial activity of Quercus robur L. oakland as consequence of the addition of different concentrations of this IL were also studied. Different effects of this IL on plants and soil have been found. Thus, in terms of germination, the dose of 10% (of IL in distillated water) presented total inhibition in the germination of both species; whereas this dose presented a stimulant effect on soil microbial activity. The effect of IL on plant growth is similar to that obtained in the germination test. Concentration of 50% of IL provoked the total inhibition of the soil microbial activit

Do Fire Regime Attributes Affect Soil Biochemical Properties in the Same Way under Different Environmental Conditions?

Global change is altering fire frequency and severity in many regions across the world. In this work, we studied the impact of different frequency and severity regimes on the soil biochemical properties in burned areas with different environmental conditions. We selected three sites dominated by pine ecosystems along a Mediterranean-Transition-Oceanic climatic gradient, where we determined the fire frequency, and severity of the last wildfire. Four years after the last wildfire, we established 184 4 m2 plots. In each plot, we collected a composed soil sample from a 3 cm depth, and measured several ecological variables potentially affected by the fire frequency and severity (cover of bare soil, cover of fine and coarse plant debris, cover of vegetation, and vegetation height). From each soil sample, we analyzed the enzymatic activities corresponding to the biogeochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (β-glucosidase, urease, and acid-phosphatase, respectively), and the microbial biomass carbon. The results indicated that fire frequency only played a significant role in soil biochemical properties at the Mediterranean and Transition sites. Specifically, we found that increases in frequency contributed to increased urease and phosphatase activities (at the Transition site), as well as microbial biomass carbon (at the Mediterranean and Transition sites). In relation to burn severity, we found opposite patterns when comparing the Mediterranean and Oceanic sites. Specifically, increased severity significantly decreased β-glucosidase, urease, and microbial biomass carbon at the Mediterranean site, whereas at the Oceanic one, severity significantly increased them. Burn severity also decreased microbial biomass carbon at the Transition site. Our results also indicated that, overall, fire frequency determined the studied ecological variables at the Mediterranean and Transition sites, but clear indirect effects on biochemical properties due to changes in ecological variables were not found. This study adds to the knowledge on the impact of shifts in fire regimes on soils in the current context of changeThis study was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness; the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), in the framework of the GESFIRE (AGL2013-48189-C2-1-R) and FIRESEVES (AGL2017-86075-C2-1-R) projects, and by the Regional Government of Castile and León in the framework of the FIRECYL (LE033U14) and SEFIRECYL (LE001P17) projectsS

Role of serotiny on Pinus pinaster Aiton germination and its relation to mother plant age and fire severity

erotiny degree may hypothetically depend on mother plant age and fire severity, and fire severity can strongly affect the regeneration of Pinus pinaster Aiton, which is an obligate seeder species with aerial seed banks stocked in cones showing a certain degree of serotiny. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of serotiny and mother plant age on seed germination of P. pinaster in relation to fire severity. For this purpose, cones were collected in two stands from mother trees of different ages. Serotinous cones were opened in oven at increasing temperatures to determine the number of seeds released. The length of cones and the number and weight of seeds were measured. Seeds from both classes of mother plant age were subjected to 34 different treatments simulating different fire severity levels, and their germination was recorded. The results showed that serotiny was significantly higher in cones from young mother trees. Seed germination in the control groups from serotinous cones was always higher than that from non-serotinous cones without thermal shock. Fire severity decreased seed germination as fire severity increases in both mother age classes. Mother plant age was related to the serotiny level, which was higher in young than in old trees, suggesting a strong selection in the population due to a recent fire.This work is part of the research projects AGL2013-48189-C2-2-R (Ministerio de Economía y Competividad, Madrid, Spain, and ERDF founding), AGL2017-86075-C2-2-R (Ministerio de Ciencia, Educación y Universidades, Madrid, Spain, and ERDF founding), LE001P17 (Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain), ED431C2019/07 and ED431E 2018/09 (Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain)S

Effects of ethylimidazolium nitrate and the aluminium nitrate salt mixtures on germination of three forest species

This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 23rd International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic ChemistryIonic liquids are synthetic compounds with melting temperatures lower than 100 °C and with high ability of modification of their physical and chemical properties from changes in their chemical structure. Although the number of applications in the last years has been continuously increasing, their effects on the different terrestrial ecosystems have been scarcely studied. In this work, the effects of the ionic liquid ethylammonium nitrate (EAN), the aluminum nitrate salt (Al(NO3)3), and the saturated mixture of both components on the germination of three forest species were studied. Different doses, from 0% to 10% weight, of the three treatments were applied at seeds of three different forest species (Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Pinus radiata D. Don, and Pinus sylvestris L.) and the germination of these seeds was continuously monitored for 35 days. The results showed that the addition of ionic liquid, salt, and mixture provoke the reduction of germination for all the species. Concentrations of 5% and higher incite the total inhibition of the germination of all species for all the treatments, with the EAN treatment being the most harmfulThis work was supported by Xunta de Galicia through GRC ED431C 2016/001 and IN607A 2017/6 projects, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the FIRESEVES (AGL2017-86075-C2-2-R) project and the Competitive Reference BIOAPLIC (ED431C2019/07), the Strategic Researcher Cluster BioReDeS (ED431E 2018/09), and the Galician Network of Ionic Liquids (ReGaLIs) ED431D 2017/06. J. J. Parajó gives thanks for funding support from the I2C Postdoctoral Program of Xunta de GaliciaS

Fire effects on germination response of the native species Daucus carota and the invasive alien species Helichrysum foetidum and Oenothera glazioviana

Fire is an ecological factor that affects ecosystem structure and functioning and determines later recovery of the ecosystem through the modification of biological processes, such as seed germination and seedling establishment. Another factor that modifies ecosystems is the presence of invasive alien species, which easily colonize new habitats after disturbances such as forest fires. Within this research, we analysed the germination response to fire of three species that share a habitat, one native species (Daucus carota L.) and two invasive alien species (Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench and Oenothera glazioviana Micheli) to identify and compare the effects of fire on the germination of these three species. For this purpose, germination tests were performed by using seeds treated with heat, smoke, charcoal and ash, simulating conditions of forest fires. The three species showed slightly different responses to fire factors. At high levels, heat and ash prevented the germination of the three species. In contrast, intermediate heat shocks and some smoke treatments stimulated O. glazioviana germination, while the other species remained unaffected. H. foetidum presented high germination success for most treatments. The difference in the germination response of the three species can change the current balance among three species in natural fire-prone ecosystems, contributing to the spread of O. glazioviana and H. foetidum to new areas and potentially reducing native D. carota populations.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Castilla y León Regional Government, the Galicia Regional Government and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the GESFIRE (AGL2013-48189-C2-2-R), FIRESEVES (AGL2017-86075-C2-2-R) and SEFIRECYL (LE001PE17) projects, the Competitive Reference Group BIOAPLIC (ED431C2019/07) and the Strategic Researcher Cluster BioReDeS (ED431E 2018/09)S

Ecological effects of ionic liquids on microbial activity of a soil and on tree seed germination

The 19th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry session Ionic LiquidsIonic liquids (ILs) are considered one of the most promising green alternatives to molecular organic solvents. Nevertheless, before a widespread use of these compounds in a determined application, the knowledge of their ecotoxicity and biodegradability must be defined. In this work the effect of addition of different doses of 1-butil-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate, [C4C1C1Im][OTf], on microbial activity of a soil under Pinus pinaster Aiton and on the seed germination of species of P. pinaster , Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus radiata D. Don and Eucalyptus globulus Labill were analyzed. Additionally, seed germination test were also applied to this IL after being subjected to heat treatment. A microcalorimeter Thermal Activity Monitor (TAM-III) TA-Instruments was used to determine the influence of the addition of four doses (10 %, 25 %, 50 % and 75 %) on the microbial activity of a Galician soil, under P. pinaster. Methodology was widely exposed in previous works [1]. From the data obtained in these experiments, the calculation of microbial growth was performed [2]. Seed germination test of selected species were carried out for several doses of ILs (10 %, 1 %, 0.1 % and 0.01 %). The degradation treatment of the IL was carried out during 24 h in an oven at the temperature of 200 °C. Five replies with 25 seeds per Petri dish were incubated in a Phytotron (Climas AGP890) for every species and treatments. Seeds were maintained for 16 h under light at 24 °C and in the dark for 8 h at 16 °C during 45 days, when the germination was completed in all the species [3, 4]. Results of soil microbial activity and germination obtained for this IL were compared with the corresponding to other ILs, previously studied in our laboratory. Dose of 10 % inhibited totally the germination of the four species and dose of 1 % provoked an important reduction with regard to the control, both, for degraded and no-degraded IL. Nevertheless, in spite of all the doses showed differences on calorimetric parameters with regard to control; only the dose of 75 % does not show soil microbial response

Fire Severity Drives the Natural Regeneration of Cytisus scoparius L. (Link) and Salix atrocinerea Brot. Communities and the Germinative Behaviour of These Species

Research Highlights: Data indicated that fire severity modulates natural regeneration of Cytisus scoparius and Salix atrocinerea communities and drives much stronger effects on the germination of the dominant species. Background and Objectives: Previous studies demonstrated that fire severity induces different behaviours in plant species. Mother plant age is an important feature that must also be considered in plans of forest restoration. The objectives were to determine, in field studies, the effect of fire severity on the natural regeneration of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities, to know the role of mother plant age on the germination of seeds of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea, and to quantify their germination response at different levels of fire severity, in laboratory settings. Material and Methods: We have analysed the role of fire severity on the natural regeneration of C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities considering cover and height. Forty 30 × 30 m plots were randomly located in C. scoparius and S. atrocinerea communities. Fire severity on the germination of dominant species was tested through different levels of smoke, charcoal, ash, and heat. Results: High severity reduced the vertical cover and growth in height of the two communities and favoured the increase of cover of woody species in the C. scoparius community and herbaceous species in the S. atrocinerea community. Mother plant age determined germination percentages of C. scoparius seeds. Germination of C. scoparius was increased by moderate heat, and heat and smoke; and fire severity greatly reduced germination of S. atrocinerea. Conclusions: The regeneration responses after fire were largely controlled by interactions between the fire severity and the individual species regeneration strategies. For restoration purposes, C. scoparius seeds should be treated with 80 °C and smoke for 10 min, in order to increase germination; however, Salix seeds should be used without treatment and immediately after dispersionThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness, the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, the Castilla y León Regional Government, the Galicia Regional Government and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in the framework of the GESFIRE (AGL2013-48189-C2-2-R), FIRESEVES (AGL2017-86075-C2-2-R) and SEFIRECYL (LE001PE17) projects and the Competitive Reference Group BIOAPLIC (ED431C2019/07) and the Strategic Researcher Cluster BioReDeS (ED431E 2018/09)S

Germinative behaviour of Acacia dealbata Link, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L. in relation to fire and exploration of the regenerative niche of native species for the control of invaders

Invasion of forest ecosystems by invader plants and forest fires are two of the most serious environmental problems in the world. Climate change is believed to strongly influence these processes, and the invasibility of invasive alien plants (IAPs) is likely to enhance landscape degradation. Therefore, it is urgent to study the germinative behaviour of invasive alien plants in relation to fire and detect possible barrier species of IAPs among native species. Tree species are usually the most damaging group of invasive alien plants. Acacia dealbata Link, Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle and Robinia pseudoacacia L. are 3 very damaging exotic invader trees in Europe and many other parts of the world. Therefore, the germination behaviour (germination percentage, viability pregermination, viability postgermination and germination rate) of these three species was experimentally studied against different products associated with fire (heat, smoke, ash and charcoal). The germination of A. dealbata and R. pseudoacacia was strongly stimulated by heat, while smoke, ash and charcoal barely changed the control values. None of these factors stimulated germination in A. altissima. Very high temperatures inhibited seed germination of the three species. The germination of R. pseudoacacia seeds was faster than that of A. dealbata and A. altissima seeds. Of the three species studied, A. dealbata and R. pseudoacacia have greater invasibility than A. altissima. A key role in invasive plant control research is to provide information to guide the decisions of forest managers involved in restoration. A possible solution is to use the biotic resistance of native vegetation to control biological invasions. For this purpose and based on extensive bibliographic revision, the regenerative niches of the three invasive species (germination, seedling growth and adult height) were compared with those of native European species to identify candidates for barrier species of IAPs between native species. Among the native species of Europe with characteristics in their regenerative niche suitable to successfully compete against these IAPs are tall shrub species such as Adenocarpus lainzii (Castrov.) Castrov., Cytisus multiflorus (L'Her.) or Cytisus striatus (Hill) Rothm. and tree species such as Corylus colurna L., Pinus sylvestris L. and Quercus ilex L. Therefore, the sowing of a good combination of shrub and tree species, selected according to their geographical distribution, could be an effective ecological measure to control the invasion of IAPs in burned areas. This information can be very valuable for implementing restoration measures in burned areas and should be verified with field experimentsThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, the Galicia Regional Government, the European Regional Development Fund, European Union (ERDF) and Castilla y León Regional Government in the framework of the FIRESEVES (AGL2017-86075-C2-2-R) and WUIFIRECYL (LE005P20) projects and the Competitive Reference Group BIOAPLIC (ED431C 2019/07) and the Strategic Researcher Cluster BioReDeS (ED431E 2018/09)S

Effect of the Addition of [C3C1im][NTf2] in Pine Seed Germination and in Soil Microbial Activity

The 18th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry session Ionic LiquidsDespite the increasing number of papers about the study of the properties of the ionic liquids (ILs), the knowledge of their ecotoxicity and biodegradability are not still well established. In this work the effect of the addition of five different concentrations of aqueous solutions (10%, 1%, 0.1%, 0.01% and 0% (control) in weight) of the IL [C3C1im][NTf2] on the seed germination of six species of pine and on the microbial activity of a soil under P. radiata was determined. This IL was selected taking into account that his thermophysical properties make it a good candidate to being used as lubricant. Seed germination test of species of Eucalyptus globulus, Pinus halepensis, Pinus nigra, Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus radiata were carried out. The reason to select these species was their wide geographical distribution and their great economic, social and ecological interest. Five replies with 25 seeds per Petri dish were incubated for every species and treatments, in total 3750 seeds were incubated (6 species x 5 treatments x 5 replicates x .25 seeds) Germinated seeds were monitoring every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Germination had been completed in all the species 45 days of incubation. On the other hand, calorimetric experiments were performed using a microcalorimeter 2277 Thermal Activity Monitor (TAM) Thermometric AB. Measurements were carried out in hermetically sealed 5 ml stainless steel ampoules. Soil samples of 1 g size at water-holding capacity were treated with 0.2 ml of aqueous glucose solution to activate the microbial metabolism.Additionally, a comparison between the effects of this IL in the seed germination and soil microbial activity and the corresponding to two well-known salts, sodium chloride and potassium nitrate, in the same conditions was stablishedThis study was financed by the project EM2013/031 (Xunta de Galicia, Spain

Penilaian Kinerja Keuangan Koperasi di Kabupaten Pelalawan

This paper describe development and financial performance of cooperative in District Pelalawan among 2007 - 2008. Studies on primary and secondary cooperative in 12 sub-districts. Method in this stady use performance measuring of productivity, efficiency, growth, liquidity, and solvability of cooperative. Productivity of cooperative in Pelalawan was highly but efficiency still low. Profit and income were highly, even liquidity of cooperative very high, and solvability was good