Effect of feed on cholesterol concentration and oxidation products development of longissimus dorsi muscle from Iberian pigs

peer-reviewedThe effect of dietary free-range feeding or supplementation with copper and/or vitamin E in confinement on total cholesterol, neutral and polar lipids and cholesterol oxidation of the longissimus dorsi muscle from Iberian pigs was studied. Free-range fed pigs had higher (P=0.001) contents of γ-tocopherol and lower concentrations of α-tocopherol in the muscle than pigs fed diets supplemented with 100 mg/kg vitamin E. The total cholesterol content of the muscle was not significantly affected by the diets. However, the cholesterol:phospholipid ratio was higher (P<0.05), and consequently the membrane fluidity was lower, in the free-range fed pigs than in the pigs fed in confinement with either copper-supplemented (P<0.05) or vitamin E-supplemented (P<0.01) diets. The proportion of saturated fatty acids in phospholipids was greater (P<0.05) in the free-range fed group, which suggests metabolic regulation to maintain membrane structure. Free-range feeding produced higher levels of free fatty acids (P<0.01), lysophosphatidylcholine (P<0.05) and phosphatidylserine (P<0.01) and lower cholesterol esters (P<0.01) and sphingomyelin (P<0.05) in the muscle than the other groups. The ratios of phosphatidylethanolamine:phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin: phosphatidylcholine, which are indicators of membrane fluidity, were not significantly affected in any group. Dietary α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation produced lower β-epoxide (P<0.01), 7β-OH (P<0.05), and total cholesterol oxides (P<0.01) in cooked muscle after refrigerated display than in the other groups. These results indicate that supplementation with dietary α-tocopheryl acetate is more effective in reducing cholesterol oxidation than free-range feeding in cooked muscle from Iberian pigs. In evaluating oxidation, the composition of the muscle and meat treatment have to be considered as well as membrane fluidity.This research was funded by the European Project AIR-CT94-1577 (DIETOX

Razvoj sustava proizvodnje iberijskih svinja u Španjolskoj

Total number of Iberian swine sows in Spain is close to 230.000, giving rise to around 2 mill finished Iberian pigs in 2003. The Iberian swine constitutes a singular breed, strongly adapted to the ecological conditions of the "Dehesa" ecosystem. This breed includes a number of strains, all of them showing low prolific and growth rates, very early maturing fat deposition, and an excellent meat quality, which is valuated in the market according to the fatty acid Drofile (palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids) of subcutaneous fat. This paper mainly deals with available feeding sources of the "Dehesa" for Iberian pigs, the productive features of this breed and the evolution that feeding and production systems have experienced last years.Ukupan broj krmača iberijske svinje u Španjolskoj iznosi blizu 230 000 pa je prema tome u 2003. god. bilo oko 2 milijuna gotovih iberijskih svinja. Iberijska svinja je rijetka pasmina, dobro prilagođena ekološkim uvjetima ekosustava "Dehesa". Ova pasmina ima brojne značajke koje sve pokazuju nisku stopu plodnosti i rasta, vrlo rano dozrijevanje naslaga masti te izvrsnu kakvoću mesa koje se vrednuje na tržištu prema profilu masne kiseline (palmitinske, stearinske, oleinske i linolne kiseline) potkožne masti. Ovaj se članak uglavnom bavi dostupnim izvorima hranidbe "Dehesa" za iberijske svinje, proiz¬vodnim značajkama ove pasmine i razvojem sustava hranidbe i proizvodnje prošle godine

Fatty acid composition of different adipose tissues in heavy pigs

Forty-seven castrated male Duroc x (Landrace x Large White) pigs were used to determine fatty acids compositions from different adipose tissues. The outer subcutaneous backfat layer had a lower proportion of saturated and higher monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids than the inner laver. Liver fat had the highest proportion of poiyunsaturated fatty acids. Intramuscular fat followed by subcutaneous backfat had the highest monounsaturation indexes. Moreover, omental and hepatic fat had the highest amount of n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, the fatty acid profile was depended on fat location, with intramuscular and outer backfat the most beneficial from the point of view of nutrition and health

Influencia de la restricción de vitamina A en la dieta de cerdos ibéricos sobre el metabolismo y la transcripción de genes relacionados con lipogénesis

Vitamin A is a liposoluble vitamin obtained from the diet with multiple physiological actions in all animal tissues, including an antiadipogenic action which seems to be limited to muscular tissues. Thus, vitamin A restriction has been proposed as a strategy for improving meat and carcass quality in farm animals. In this work we have studied the effects of vitamin A dietary restriction on productive traits, tissue fatty acid composition and expression of a panel of adipogenic and lipogenic candidate genes in Iberian pigs. Forty Torbiscal pigs were fed with a standard or a Vitamin A restricted diet from two months of age till their sacrifice conducted in two batches, at 100 and 160 Kg live weight. Diet had no significant effect on growth, fatness, yields or intramuscular fat, but animals receiving no vitamin A supplementation showed higher monounsaturated fatty acids and lower saturated fatty acids in back fat and loin samples than the control ones. Adipose tissue SCD gene expression was higher in vitamin A restricted animals, as occurs with CRABP II expression. On the other hand, RXRG expression was higher in control group, in agreement with the influence on transcription of retinoic acid and its potential relationship with adipogenesis and lipogenesis.La vitamina A es una vitamina liposoluble obtenida de la dieta con numerosas funciones fisiológicas en los tejidos animales, incluyendo un efecto antiadipogénico aparentemente limitado al tejido muscular. La restricción de vitamina A se ha propuesto como una herramienta para mejorar la calidad de la canal y de la carne en animales de abasto. En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado el efecto de la restricción de vitamina A en el pienso sobre caracteres productivos, composición tisular de ácidos grasos y expresión de un panel de genes candidato con funciones adipogénicas y lipogénicas en cerdos ibéricos. Cuarenta cerdos de la estirpe Torbiscal fueron alimentados con pienso estándar o con pienso sin vitamina A en el corrector desde los dos meses de edad hasta su sacrificio, realizado en dos lotes (a 100 y 160 kg de peso vivo). La dieta no afectó al crecimiento, engrasamiento, rendimientos ni a la cantidad de grasa intramuscular, pero los animales restringidos mostraron una cantidad mayor de ácidos grasos monoinsaturados y menor de saturados en el tocino dorsal y en el lomo. El análisis de expresión génica en el tocino dorsal mostró una mayor expresión de SCD y CRABP II en el grupo restringido. Por otro lado, la expresión de RXRG fue mayor en el grupo control, en concordancia con el efecto modulador de la transcripción génica del ácido retinoico y su potencial relación con la adipogénesis y lipogénesis

Efecto de la vitamina e en la alimentación del pavo en la acumulación tisular y estabilidad oxidativa.

El presente trabajo pretende evaluar la efectividad de las formas naturales de vitamina E en la acumulación tisular de tocoferol, así como en la estabilidad oxidativa in vivo y postmortem. El único factor de diferenciación fue el tipo de vitamina E (natural vs sintética) y concentración (Baja: 40 ppm y alta: 120 ppm) en el pienso. Adicionalmente se produjo un grupo control sin vitamina E añadida en el pienso. Se ha observado una relación dosisrespuesta lineal en la concentración de tocoferol en el plasma de los pavos, así como una tendencia (P=0.139) hacia una mayor concentración en los animales que recibieron la vitamina E en forma natural.. Existe una relación entre la concentración de tocoferol y de Metamioglobina en el músculo en el día 9 de almacenamiento refrigerado, evidenciándose una mayor efectividad de la forma natural. Se ha observado una menor concentración de ácidos grasos saturados en el grupo control y el de bajo nivel de suplementación. Asimismo, existe una tendencia hacia una menor concentración d estos ácidos grasos en los animales que reciben la forma natural de vitamina E (P=0,0658)

Deep inelastic and dipole scattering on finite length hot N=4\mathcal{N}=4 SYM matter

Deep inelastic scattering of $\mathcal{R}$-currents and the scattering of a small dipole on finite length hot $\mathcal{N}=4$ SYM matter are discussed. In each case we find the scale when scattering becomes strong is determined by a saturation momentum $Q^2_s \sim LT^3/x$ where $L$ is the length of the matter. For $\mathcal{R}$-currents we analyze the operator product expansion. For infinite length matter the series generated by the OPE is not Borel summable but we are able to determine the exponential part of the tunneling amplitude determining $F_2$ when $\frac{Q^2}{Q^2_s}\gg 1$ from the position of the singularity closest to the origin on the real axis of the Borel plane. In finite length matter the OPE series is not convergent but it is Borel summable. When a small dipole, and the string connecting the ends of the dipole, pass through hot matter there is an induced motion of the string in the $5^{th}$ dimension. When $T^4 L \cosh \eta$, with the $\eta$ the rapidity of the string, is large enough the string would normally break into several parts after leaving the medium, however, this cannot happen in the classical approximation in which we work.Comment: 26 page

Quantum corrections to the mass of the supersymmetric vortex

We calculate quantum corrections to the mass of the vortex in N=2 supersymmetric abelian Higgs model in (2+1) dimensions. We put the system in a box and apply the zeta function regularization. The boundary conditions inevitably violate a part of the supersymmetries. Remaining supersymmetry is however enough to ensure isospectrality of relevant operators in bosonic and fermionic sectors. A non-zero correction to the mass of the vortex comes from finite renormalization of couplings.Comment: Latex, 18 pp; v2 reference added; v3 minor change

Chiral effective potential in N=1/2{\cal N}={1/2} non-commutative Wess-Zumino model

We study a structure of holomorphic quantum contributions to the effective action for ${\cal N}={1/2}$ noncommutative Wess-Zumino model. Using the symbol operator techniques we present the one-loop chiral effective potential in a form of integral over proper time of the appropriate heat kernel. We prove that this kernel can be exactly found. As a result we obtain the exact integral representation of the one-loop effective potential. Also we study the expansion of the effective potential in a series in powers of the chiral superfield $\Phi$ and derivative $D^2{\Phi}$ and construct a procedure for systematic calculation of the coefficients in the series. We show that all terms in the series without derivatives can be summed up in an explicit form.Comment: LaTeX, JHEP style, 32 pages, typos corrected, references adde

Paralytic shellfish toxins occurrence in non-traditional invertebrate vectors from north Atlantic waters (Azores, Madeira, and Morocco)

Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent alkaloids of microalgal and cyanobacterial origin, with worldwide distribution. Over the last 20 years, the number of poisoning incidents has declined as a result of the implementation of legislation and monitoring programs based on bivalves. In the summer of 2012 and 2013, we collected a total of 98 samples from 23 different species belonging to benthic and subtidal organisms, such as echinoderms, crustaceans, bivalves, and gastropods. The sampling locations were Madeira, São Miguel Island (Azores archipelago), and the northwestern coast of Morocco. The samples were analyzed using post-column oxidation liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detection method. Our main goal was to detect new vectors for these biotoxins. After reporting a total of 59 positive results for PSTs with 14 new vectors identified, we verified that some of the amounts exceeded the limit value established in the EU. These results suggest that routine monitoring of saxitoxin and its analogs should be extended to more potential vectors other than bivalves, including other edible organisms, for a better protection of public health. © 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Department of Biology, Science Faculty, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4619-007 Porto, Portugal; [email protected] (A.B.); [email protected] (V.V.) Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Novo Edificio do Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 S/N Matosinhos, Portugal; [email protected] Department of Analytical Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] (V.R.); [email protected] (A.B.) Life Sciences Faculty, Madeira University, Marine Biology Station, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal Center of Interdisciplinary Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira-CIIMAR-Madeira, Edificio Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal cE3c/GBA—Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Azores, 9501-801 Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal; [email protected] Phycology Research Unit-Biotechnology, Ecosystems Ecology and Valorization Laboratory, Science Faculty, University of Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida BP20, Morocco; [email protected] (M.H.); [email protected] (B.S.) Department of Pharmacology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; [email protected] Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +351-2234-01800; Fax: +351-2233-80609 This authors contributed equally to this work. Funding: This research was partially funded by the Portuguese Fundation of Science and Technology (FCT) project UID/Multi/04423/2013 and by the projects ALERTOXNET (EAPA_317/2016), funded by the Interreg Atlantic program. The Spanish research leading to these results has received funding from the following European Fund for Economic and Regional Development (FEDER) cofunded-grants: Centro para el Desarrollo Tecnológico Industrial (CDTI) and Technological Funds, supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, AGL2012-40185-CO2-01, AGL2014-58210-R, and Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Ordenación Universitaria, GRC2013-016; CDTI under India&Spain Innovating Program (ISIP) Programme, Spain, IDI-20130304 APTAFOOD; the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme managed by REA—Research Executive Agency (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement 312184 PHARMASEA