81 research outputs found

    MAPREDUCE CHALLENGES ON PERVASIVE GRIDS

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    International audienceThis study presents the advances on designing and implementing scalable techniques to support the development and execution of MapReduce application in pervasive distributed computing infrastructures, in the context of the PER-MARE project. A pervasive framework for MapReduce applications is very useful in practice, especially in those scientific, enterprises and educational centers which have many unused or underused computing resources, which can be fully exploited to solve relevant problems that demand large computing power, such as scientific computing applications, big data processing, etc. In this study, we pro-pose the study of multiple techniques to support volatility and heterogeneity on MapReduce, by applying two complementary approaches: Improving the Apache Hadoop middleware by including context-awareness and fault-tolerance features; and providing an alternative pervasive grid implementation, fully adapted to dynamic environments. The main design and implementation decisions for both alternatives are described and validated through experiments, demonstrating that our approaches provide high reliability when executing on pervasive environments. The analysis of the experiments also leads to several insights on the requirements and constraints from dynamic and volatile systems, reinforcing the importance of context-aware information and advanced fault-tolerance features to provide efficient and reliable MapReduce services on pervasive grids

    Pour une démocratie socio-environnementale : cadre pour une plate-forme participative « transition écologique »

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    Contribution publiĂ©e in Penser une dĂ©mocratie alimentaire Volume II – Proposition Lascaux entre ressources naturelles et besoins fondamentaux, F. Collart Dutilleul et T. BrĂ©ger (dir), Inida, San JosĂ©, 2014, pp. 87-111.International audienceL’anthropocĂšne triomphant actuel, avec ses forçages environnementaux et sociaux, est Ă  l’origine de l’accĂ©lĂ©ration des dĂ©gradations des milieux de vie sur Terre et de l’accentuation des tensions sociales et gĂ©opolitiques. Passer Ă  un anthropocĂšne de gestion Ă©quitable, informĂ© et sobre vis-Ă -vis de toutes les ressources et dans tous les secteurs d’activitĂ© (slow anthropocene), impose une analyse prĂ©alable sur l’ensemble des activitĂ©s et des rapports humains. Cette transition dite « Ă©cologique », mais en rĂ©alitĂ© Ă  la fois sociĂ©tale et Ă©cologique, est tout sauf un ajustement technique de secteurs dits prioritaires et technocratiques. Elle est avant tout culturelle, politique et philosophique au sens propre du terme. Elle est un horizon pour des trajectoires de dĂ©veloppement humain, pour des constructions sociales et Ă©conomiques, censĂ©es redĂ©finir socialement richesse, bien-ĂȘtre, travail etc. La dĂ©nomination « transition Ă©cologique » est largement vĂ©hiculĂ©e, mais ses bases conceptuelles ne sont pas entiĂšrement acquises ni mĂȘme Ă©laborĂ©es. Dans ce contexte, les Ă©tudiants en premiĂšre annĂ©e de Master BioSciences Ă  l’Ecole Normale SupĂ©rieure (ENS) de Lyon ont prĂ©parĂ© une premiĂšre Ă©tude analytique de ce changement radical et global de sociĂ©tĂ© pour mieux comprendre dans quelle sociĂ©tĂ© ils souhaitent vivre, en donnant du sens aux activitĂ©s humaines prĂ©sentes et Ă  venir. Une trentaine de dossiers sur divers secteurs d’activitĂ©s et acteurs de la sociĂ©tĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© produits et ont servis de support Ă  cette synthĂšse. Plus largement, le but est de construire un socle conceptuel et une plate-forme de travail sur lesquels les questions de fond, mais aussi opĂ©rationnelles, peuvent ĂȘtre posĂ©es et Ă©tudiĂ©es en permanence. Cette dĂ©marche participative est ouverte Ă  la collectivitĂ© sur le site http://institutmichelserres.ens-lyon.fr/

    IL-6-Dependent PGE2 Secretion by Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibits Local Inflammation in Experimental Arthritis

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    BACKGROUND: Based on their capacity to suppress immune responses, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are intensively studied for various clinical applications. Although it has been shown in vitro that the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs mainly occurs through the secretion of soluble mediators, the mechanism is still not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to better understand the mechanisms underlying the suppressive effect of MSCs in vivo, using cells isolated from mice deficient in the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or interleukin (IL)-6 in the murine model of collagen-induced arthritis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In the present study, we show that primary murine MSCs from various strains of mice or isolated from mice deficient for iNOS or IL-6 exhibit different immunosuppressive potential. The immunomodulatory function of MSCs was mainly attributed to IL-6-dependent secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) with a minor role for NO. To address the role of these molecules in vivo, we used the collagen-induced arthritis as an experimental model of immune-mediated disorder. MSCs effectively inhibited collagen-induced inflammation during a narrow therapeutic window. In contrast to wild type MSCs, IL-6-deficient MSCs and to a lesser extent iNOS-deficient MSCs were not able to reduce the clinical signs of arthritis. Finally, we show that, independently of NO or IL-6 secretion or Treg cell induction, MSCs modulate the host response by inducing a switch to a Th2 immune response. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data indicate that mscs mediate their immunosuppressive effect via two modes of action: locally, they reduce inflammation through the secretion of anti-proliferative mediators, such as NO and mainly PGE2, and systemically they switch the host response from a Th1/Th17 towards a Th2 immune profile

    M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide

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    BACKGROUND: Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in high density in solid tumors. TAMs share many characteristics with alternatively activated macrophages, also called M2. They have been shown to favor tumor development and a role in chemoresistance has also been suggested. Here, we investigated the effects of M2 in comparison to M1 macrophages on cancer cell sensitivity to etoposide. METHODS: We set up a model of macrophage polarization, starting from THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Once differentiated (M0 macrophages), they were incubated with IL-4 and IL-13 in order to obtain M2 polarized macrophages or with IFN-gamma and LPS for classical macrophage activation (M1). To mimic the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, M0, M1 or M2 macrophages and HepG2 or A549 cancer cells were co-cultured during respectively 16 (HepG2) or 24 (A549) hours, before etoposide exposure for 24 (HepG2) or 16 (A549) hours. After the incubation, the impact of etoposide on macrophage polarization was studied and cancer cell apoptosis was assessed by western-blot for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein, caspase activity assay and FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. RESULTS: mRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which provide a new, easy and well-characterized model of polarized human macrophages. Etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the presence of THP-1 M2 macrophages, while apoptosis was increased in cells co-cultured with M1 macrophages. On the other hand, etoposide did not influence M1 or M2 polarization. CONCLUSIONS: These results evidence for the first time a clear protective effect of M2 on the contrary to M1 macrophages on etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis

    Peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and infants: NEonate and Children audiT of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe: A prospective European multicentre observational study

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    BACKGROUND: Little is known about current clinical practice concerning peri-operative red blood cell transfusion in neonates and small infants. Guidelines suggest transfusions based on haemoglobin thresholds ranging from 8.5 to 12 g dl-1, distinguishing between children from birth to day 7 (week 1), from day 8 to day 14 (week 2) or from day 15 (≄week 3) onwards. OBJECTIVE: To observe peri-operative red blood cell transfusion practice according to guidelines in relation to patient outcome. DESIGN: A multicentre observational study. SETTING: The NEonate-Children sTudy of Anaesthesia pRactice IN Europe (NECTARINE) trial recruited patients up to 60 weeks' postmenstrual age undergoing anaesthesia for surgical or diagnostic procedures from 165 centres in 31 European countries between March 2016 and January 2017. PATIENTS: The data included 5609 patients undergoing 6542 procedures. Inclusion criteria was a peri-operative red blood cell transfusion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the haemoglobin level triggering a transfusion for neonates in week 1, week 2 and week 3. Secondary endpoints were transfusion volumes, 'delta haemoglobin' (preprocedure - transfusion-triggering) and 30-day and 90-day morbidity and mortality. RESULTS: Peri-operative red blood cell transfusions were recorded during 447 procedures (6.9%). The median haemoglobin levels triggering a transfusion were 9.6 [IQR 8.7 to 10.9] g dl-1 for neonates in week 1, 9.6 [7.7 to 10.4] g dl-1 in week 2 and 8.0 [7.3 to 9.0] g dl-1 in week 3. The median transfusion volume was 17.1 [11.1 to 26.4] ml kg-1 with a median delta haemoglobin of 1.8 [0.0 to 3.6] g dl-1. Thirty-day morbidity was 47.8% with an overall mortality of 11.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Results indicate lower transfusion-triggering haemoglobin thresholds in clinical practice than suggested by current guidelines. The high morbidity and mortality of this NECTARINE sub-cohort calls for investigative action and evidence-based guidelines addressing peri-operative red blood cell transfusions strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT02350348

    DĂ©tection de l’évolution convergente Ă  l’échelle gĂ©nomique : dĂ©veloppement de mĂ©thodes et Ă©tude des adaptations indĂ©pendantes Ă  la vie en milieu aride chez les rongeurs

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    Phenotypic convergence, the independent acquisition of similar characters by different species,is widespread in nature and has been extensively studied. But this evolutionary process is not well understood. For example, many researchers seek to understand whether there are convergent genetic bases underlying these phenotypic convergences.Some convergent substitutions correlated with a convergent phenotype have been described in the literature, but there are few studies at the genome scale. This can be explained by two methodological problems : 1 / On the one hand, the difficulty of creating multi-species datasets for comparative analyses. 2 / On the other hand, the lack of dedicated methods to detect convergence at the genomic scale.During my thesis, I proposed solutions to these two challenges. As a first step, I created a program (CAARS) to automate the assembly of datasets composed of orthologous families from RNA-Seq data. Then I created a tool (PCOC) to study convergent substitutions within coding sequences, based on the identification of amino acid profile changes rather than strict amino acid changes. These tools have been developed for the sake of reproducibility and ease of use. I then studied the ability of different methods, including PCOC, to detect convergent substitutions in the presence of confounding factors. Finally, I applied these methods to a biological case where I sought to characterize the genomic bases of adaptation to arid environments in rodents.La convergence phĂ©notypique, c’est-Ă -dire l’acquisition indĂ©pendante de caractĂšres similaires par des espĂšces diffĂ©rentes, est omniprĂ©sente dans la nature et a Ă©tĂ© souvent Ă©tudiĂ©e. Mais ce processus Ă©volutif n’est pas bien compris. Par exemple, de nombreux chercheurs cherchent Ă  comprendre s’il existe des bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques convergentes sous-jacentes Ă  ces convergences phĂ©notypiques.Quelques substitutions convergentes corrĂ©lĂ©es Ă  un phĂ©notype convergent ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites dans la littĂ©rature, mais il existe peu d’études Ă  l’échelle gĂ©nomique. Ceci peut s’expliquer par deux problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques : 1/ D’une part, la difficultĂ© de crĂ©er des jeux de donnĂ©es multi-espĂšces pour des analyses comparatives. 2/ D’autre part, le manque de mĂ©thodes dĂ©diĂ©es Ă  la dĂ©tection de la convergence Ă  l’échelle gĂ©nomique.Au cours de ma thĂšse, j’ai proposĂ© des solutions Ă  ces deux dĂ©fis. Dans un premier temps, j’ai crĂ©Ă© un programme (CAARS) permettant d’automatiser l’assemblage de jeux de donnĂ©es composĂ©s de familles d’orthologues Ă  partir de donnĂ©es RNA-Seq. Puis, j’ai crĂ©Ă© un outil (PCOC) pour Ă©tudier les substitutions convergentes au sein de sĂ©quences codantes, basĂ© sur l’identification de changements de profils d’acides aminĂ©s. Ces outils ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s dans un souci de reproductibilitĂ© et de facilitĂ© d’utilisation. J’ai ensuite Ă©tudiĂ© la capacitĂ© de diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes, dont PCOC, Ă  dĂ©tecter des substitutions convergentes en prĂ©sence de facteurs confondants. Enfin, j’ai appliquĂ© ces mĂ©thodes Ă  un cas biologique oĂč j’ai cherchĂ© Ă  caractĂ©riser les bases gĂ©nomiques de l’adaptation aux milieux arides chez les rongeurs

    Detection of convergent evolution at the genomic scale : tool development and study of independent adaptations to arid habitats in rodents

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    La convergence phĂ©notypique, c’est-Ă -dire l’acquisition indĂ©pendante de caractĂšres similaires par des espĂšces diffĂ©rentes, est omniprĂ©sente dans la nature et a Ă©tĂ© souvent Ă©tudiĂ©e. Mais ce processus Ă©volutif n’est pas bien compris. Par exemple, de nombreux chercheurs cherchent Ă  comprendre s’il existe des bases gĂ©nĂ©tiques convergentes sous-jacentes Ă  ces convergences phĂ©notypiques.Quelques substitutions convergentes corrĂ©lĂ©es Ă  un phĂ©notype convergent ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©crites dans la littĂ©rature, mais il existe peu d’études Ă  l’échelle gĂ©nomique. Ceci peut s’expliquer par deux problĂšmes mĂ©thodologiques : 1/ D’une part, la difficultĂ© de crĂ©er des jeux de donnĂ©es multi-espĂšces pour des analyses comparatives. 2/ D’autre part, le manque de mĂ©thodes dĂ©diĂ©es Ă  la dĂ©tection de la convergence Ă  l’échelle gĂ©nomique.Au cours de ma thĂšse, j’ai proposĂ© des solutions Ă  ces deux dĂ©fis. Dans un premier temps, j’ai crĂ©Ă© un programme (CAARS) permettant d’automatiser l’assemblage de jeux de donnĂ©es composĂ©s de familles d’orthologues Ă  partir de donnĂ©es RNA-Seq. Puis, j’ai crĂ©Ă© un outil (PCOC) pour Ă©tudier les substitutions convergentes au sein de sĂ©quences codantes, basĂ© sur l’identification de changements de profils d’acides aminĂ©s. Ces outils ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©s dans un souci de reproductibilitĂ© et de facilitĂ© d’utilisation. J’ai ensuite Ă©tudiĂ© la capacitĂ© de diffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes, dont PCOC, Ă  dĂ©tecter des substitutions convergentes en prĂ©sence de facteurs confondants. Enfin, j’ai appliquĂ© ces mĂ©thodes Ă  un cas biologique oĂč j’ai cherchĂ© Ă  caractĂ©riser les bases gĂ©nomiques de l’adaptation aux milieux arides chez les rongeurs.Phenotypic convergence, the independent acquisition of similar characters by different species,is widespread in nature and has been extensively studied. But this evolutionary process is not well understood. For example, many researchers seek to understand whether there are convergent genetic bases underlying these phenotypic convergences.Some convergent substitutions correlated with a convergent phenotype have been described in the literature, but there are few studies at the genome scale. This can be explained by two methodological problems : 1 / On the one hand, the difficulty of creating multi-species datasets for comparative analyses. 2 / On the other hand, the lack of dedicated methods to detect convergence at the genomic scale.During my thesis, I proposed solutions to these two challenges. As a first step, I created a program (CAARS) to automate the assembly of datasets composed of orthologous families from RNA-Seq data. Then I created a tool (PCOC) to study convergent substitutions within coding sequences, based on the identification of amino acid profile changes rather than strict amino acid changes. These tools have been developed for the sake of reproducibility and ease of use. I then studied the ability of different methods, including PCOC, to detect convergent substitutions in the presence of confounding factors. Finally, I applied these methods to a biological case where I sought to characterize the genomic bases of adaptation to arid environments in rodents

    Ecriture et dyslexie développementale (analyse phonologique et morphologique des productions d'écrit)

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    AIX-MARSEILLE1-BU Lettres (130012101) / SudocBESANCON-BU MĂ©decine pharmacie (250562102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Influence de l’apprentissage de l’écrit lors d’une tĂąche de rĂ©pĂ©tition de mots et de logatomes, avec lecture labiale et sans lecture labiale, chez des enfants de 4 Ă  8 ans

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    Les recherches de ces trente derniĂšres annĂ©es ont mis en Ă©vidence des liens Ă©troits entre la capacitĂ© mĂ©taphonologique et l’apprentissage de l’écrit. Afin de comprendre comment se dĂ©veloppent ces deux processus, nous avons apprĂ©hendĂ© deux variables des compĂ©tences mĂ©taphonologiques, auprĂšs de jeunes enfants, en apprentissage de l’écrit. La variable rĂ©pĂ©tition de mots versus rĂ©pĂ©tition de logatomes nous permet de tester l’impact de l’écrit sur la rĂ©pĂ©tition des phonĂšmes en contexte lexical (rĂ©pĂ©tition de mots) et sans contexte lexical (rĂ©pĂ©tition de logatomes). La variable de la lecture labiale, moins Ă©tudiĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature, a Ă©galement Ă©tĂ© testĂ©e. La tĂąche de rĂ©pĂ©tition de mots et de logatomes s’est alors dĂ©roulĂ©e dans deux conditions : une condition dite « audio-visuelle » oĂč les enfants entendent des mots et des logatomes et voient Ă  la tĂ©lĂ©vision en mĂȘme temps le visage de l’expĂ©rimentatrice. Une condition dite « audio-orale » oĂč des enfants rĂ©alisent le mĂȘme exercice sans support de l’image. Des enfants malvoyants ont rĂ©alisĂ© la tĂąche de rĂ©pĂ©tition dans cette deuxiĂšme condition. Les rĂ©sultats tendent Ă  montrer la pertinence de la distinction.Research done over the past thirty years has revealed close links between metaphonological skills and writing acquisition. To understand how these two processes develop, we examined metaphonological skill variables among young children learning how to write. The variable of repeating words versus repeating logatoms allowed us to test the impact of repeating phenomes in both a lexical (word repetition) and non-lexical context (logatoms repetition). The variable of lip reading, which has not been studied much, was also tested. The task of repeating words and logatoms took place under two conditions: an “audio-visual” condition, in which the children hear the words and logatoms and see the experimenter’s face at the same time on a television screen, and an “audio-oral” condition in which children do the same exercise without the support of the television image. Children with vision problems did the repetition test under the second condition. The results tend to show the relevance of making a distinction between words and logatoms, but suggest that the audio-visual variable has little influence.Las investigaciones de los Ășltimos treinta años han puesto en evidencia las relaciones estrechas que existen entre la capacidad metafonolĂłgica y el aprendizaje de la escritura. Con el objeto de comprender cĂłmo se desarrollan dichos procesos, hemos escogido dos variables entre las habilidades metafonolĂłgicas, en niños que estĂĄn aprendiendo a escribir. La variable repeticiĂłn de palabras contra repeticiĂłn de logĂĄtomos nos permite probar el impacto de lo escrito sobre la repeticiĂłn de los fonemas en contexto lĂ©xico (repeticiĂłn de palabras) y sin contexto lĂ©xico (repeticiĂłn de logĂĄtomos). La variable de la lectura labial, que ha sido menos estudiada, fue igualmente analizada. La tarea de repeticiĂłn de palabras y de logĂĄtomos se realizĂł a partir dos condiciones: una condiciĂłn nombrada « audiovisual » en la cual los niños escuchan las palabras y los logĂĄtomos y ven al mismo tiempo la cara de la experimentadora en la televisiĂłn. Otra condiciĂłn llamada « audio-oral » en la cual los niños realizan el mismo ejercicio sin el apoyo de la imagen. Los niños con dificultades visuales realizaron la tarea de repeticiĂłn segĂșn la segunda condiciĂłn. Los resultados parecen validar la pertinencia de la distinciĂłn palabras/logĂĄtomos asĂ­ como la poca influencia de las variables « visual » y « audio-visual »
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