A Pre-Landing Assessment of Regolith Properties at the InSight Landing Site

This article discusses relevant physical properties of the regolith at the Mars InSight landing site as understood prior to landing of the spacecraft. InSight will land in the northern lowland plains of Mars, close to the equator, where the regolith is estimated to be ≥3--5 m thick. These investigations of physical properties have relied on data collected from Mars orbital measurements, previously collected lander and rover data, results of studies of data and samples from Apollo lunar missions, laboratory measurements on regolith simulants, and theoretical studies. The investigations include changes in properties with depth and temperature. Mechanical properties investigated include density, grain-size distribution, cohesion, and angle of internal friction. Thermophysical properties include thermal inertia, surface emissivity and albedo, thermal conductivity and diffusivity, and specific heat. Regolith elastic properties not only include parameters that control seismic wave velocities in the immediate vicinity of the Insight lander but also coupling of the lander and other potential noise sources to the InSight broadband seismometer. The related properties include Poisson’s ratio, P- and S-wave velocities, Young’s modulus, and seismic attenuation. Finally, mass diffusivity was investigated to estimate gas movements in the regolith driven by atmospheric pressure changes. Physical properties presented here are all to some degree speculative. However, they form a basis for interpretation of the early data to be returned from the InSight mission.Additional co-authors: Nick Teanby and Sharon Keda

Rainfall simulation to identify the storm-scale mechanisms of gully bank retreat

Gully erosion is one of the main causes of soil loss in dry lands. Understanding the dominant mechanisms of erosion is important to achieve effective erosion control, thus in this study our main objective was to \ quantify the mechanisms involved in gully bank retreat as a result of three processes, falling of entire soil aggregates, transport of soil material by splash and by water running along gully banks (runoff), during rainfall events. The study was conducted in the sloping lands of the KwaZulu-Natal province, a region that is highly affected by gully erosion. Artificial rain was applied at 60 mmh−1 for 45min at the vertical wall of a gully bank typical to the area. The splash material was collected by using a network of 0.045 m2 buckets. The sediments in the running water were assessed by sampling the runoff collected from a microplot inserted within the base of the bank, and collecting the fallen aggregates after the rainfall simulation was complete. Results indicated that the overall erosion for the simulation was 721gm−2 h−1. Runoff erosion proved to be the dominant mechanism and amounted to 450gm−2 h−1, followed by splash and fall down of aggregate (about 170 gm−2 h−1). Gully bank retreat occurred at a rate of 0.55 mmh−1 and assuming that the soil bulk density is 1.3gcm−3, this corresponds to a retreat of 8.8 mmy−1. Extra polations to the watershed level, where about 500 m2 of gully bank are observed per hectare, would lead to an erosion rate of 4.8 tha−1 y−1. These limited results based on a simulated storm show that the three main mechanisms (runoff, splash and fall down of aggregates) are responsible for the retreat of gully banks and that to mitigate gully erosion, appropriate measures are required to control all three mechanisms. Further research studies are needed to confirm and to scale up, both in time and space, as the sedata are obtained at one location and from a single artificial storm

Rainfall simulation to identify the storm-scale mechanisms of gully bank retreat

Gully erosion is one of the main causes of soil loss in drylands. Understanding the dominant mechanisms of erosion is important to achieve effective erosion control, thus in this study our main objective was to quantify the mechanisms involved in gully bank retreat as a result of three processes, falling of entire soil aggregates, transport of soil material by splash and by water running along gully banks (runoff), during rainfall events. The study was conducted in the sloping lands of the KwaZulu-Natal province, a region that is highly affected by gully erosion. Artificial rain was applied at 60 mm h-1 for 45 min at the vertical wall of a gully bank typical to the area. The splash material was collected by using a network of 0.045 m2 buckets. The sediments in the running water were assessed by sampling the runoff collected from a microplot inserted within the base of the bank, and collecting the fallen aggregates after the rainfall simulation was complete. Results indicated that the overall erosion for the simulation was 721 g m-2 h-1. Runoff erosion proved to be the dominant mechanism and amounted to 450 g m-2 h-1, followed by splash and fall down of aggregates (about 170 g m-2 h-1). Gully bank retreat occurred at a rate of 0.55 mm h-1 and assuming that the soil bulk density is 1.3 g cm-3, this corresponds to a retreat of 8.8 mm y-1. Extrapolations to the watershed level, where about 500 m2 of gully bank are observed per hectare, would lead to an erosion rate of 4.8 t ha-1 y-1. These limited results based on a simulated storm show that the three main mechanisms (runoff, splash and fall down of aggregates) are responsible for the retreat of gully banks and that to mitigate gully erosion, appropriate measures are required to control all three mechanisms. Further research studies are needed to confirm and to scale up, both in time and space, as these data are obtained at one location and from a single artificial storm.Gully erosion Bank retreat Involved mechanisms South Africa