Desarrollo de una agenda de investigación en temas prioritarios. El desarrollo tecnológico en torno al Zika

Presentación en el marco del Taller Regional Andino "Actualizando la evidencia y fortaleciendo las respuestas a la epidemia del virus Zika, a través de la incorporación de la atención integral en salud sexual y reproductiva. Lima, Perú-26-28 junio 2017, organizado por la Plataforma de Organizaciones de Derechos Sexuales y Reproductivas que combaten al Zika y el Centro Latinoamericano de Perinatología de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (CLAP/SMR)Expone los siguientes temas: Agendas de investigación sobre Zika – Evaluación de la implementación de la agenda: identificación de brechas – Plataforma de protocolos sobre ZIKV -- Características de estudios incluidos en la Plataforma de protocolos de investigación de OPS n=264 – Estudios de cohorte N=36 – Cohortes sobre Zika en Brazil -- Six standardized protocol designs for the study of ZIKV -- Financiamiento de la Investigación sobre Zika -- Publicaciones recientes de estudios primarios sobre zika -- Estudios sobre tratamiento -- Ensayos clínicos sobre vacunas -- Ensayos clínicos sobre vacunas: ICTR

Effect of a printed reminder in the waiting room to turn off mobile phones during consultation: a before and after study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Telephone interruptions during consultations are one cause of work-related stress amongst general practitioners. Many health care centers recommend that patients turn off any mobile phones to avoid interruptions to the discussion with the physicians.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The purpose of this before and after study was to determine whether a printed reminder for turning off the mobile phone in the waiting room is helpful in decreasing the number of interruptions during consultation. A visual phone off sign utilizing the International "No" symbol of a diagonal line through a circle, along with a "please turn off your phone during consultation" reminder was used in the waiting room in the "after" period.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A significant difference was found in the proportion of patients receiving or making a call during the consultation (8.8% vs. 13.5%, RR = 0.66; 95%CI 0.46–0.94; p = 0.021) and in the total number of calls (10.4% vs. 17.3%, RR = 0.60; 95%CI 0.44–0.83, p = 0.003) between the exposed and the non-exposed groups. However, no significant differences were found in the total time or the median time spent talking during consultation. The duration of the calls had median times of 20.5 seconds and 22.3 seconds in the exposed and the non-exposed groups respectively. Women from both groups who received a call during consultation answered significantly more when compared to men (70% vs. 52%; p = 0.05);</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our findings suggest that a printed reminder in the waiting room is helpful in decreasing the number of interruptions by mobile phone during consultation in our settings. The study provides the basis for further quantitative and qualitative research on this topic</p

Prioritization of strategies to approach the judicialization of health in Latin America and the Caribbean

OBJETIVO Describir estrategias que contribuyan al abordaje integral de la judicialización de la salud en países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS Se estructuró una búsqueda para identificar artículos que presentaran estrategias para el abordaje de la judicialización en salud. Se diseñó una encuesta, en donde se incluyeron actores del sistema de salud y del sector judicial. Se priorizaron las estrategias calificadas por más del 50,0% de los participantes como “muy relevantes”. Se categorizaron las estrategias según: gobernanza, prestación de servicios, recursos humanos, sistemas de información, financiación y productos médicos. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 64 estudios en los cuales se identificaron 50 estrategias, relacionadas con las sub-funciones y componentes de los sistemas de salud. De las 165 personas que respondieron la encuesta, el 80,0% tenían entre 35-64 años. La distribución de hombres y mujeres fue homogénea. La mitad de los respondientes fue de Colombia (20,0%), Uruguay (16,9%) y Argentina (12,7%). Se priorizaron mayormente las estrategias que abordaron los aspectos de generación de evidencia científica útil para toma de decisión según las necesidades de salud de la población, el empoderamiento para la sociedad, y la generación de espacios de discusión de las medidas de inclusión o exclusión de tecnologías de salud. Los tomadores de decisión de la rama ejecutiva y judicial priorizaron las preguntas que abordaron las estrategias que garantizaran la rendición de cuentas. CONCLUSIONES Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la identificación de estrategias efectivas para el abordaje del fenómeno de la judicialización en salud, garantizando el derecho a la salud.OBJECTIVE To describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS A search was structured to identify articles presenting strategies to approach the judicialization of health. A survey was designed, which included actors of the health system and judiciary sector. We prioritized the strategies qualified by more than the 50.0% of the participants as “very relevant”. Strategies were categorized according to: governance, provision of services, human resources, information systems, financing, and medical products. RESULTS We included 64 studies, which identified 50 strategies, related to the sub-functions and components of health systems. Of the 165 people who answered the survey, 80.0% were aged 35-64 years. The distribution of men and women was homogeneous. Half of the respondents were from Colombia (20.0%), Uruguay (16.9%), and Argentina (12.7%). We prioritized strategies that addressed aspects of generation of useful scientific evidence for decision making according to the health needs of the population, empowerment for the society, and creating spaces for discussion of measures of inclusion or exclusion of health technologies. The executive and judiciary decision makers prioritized questions that dealt with strategies that would ensure accountability. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to the identification of effective strategies to approach the phenomenon of judicialization of health, guaranteeing the right to health

Embedded implementation research determinants in Latin American health systems

OBJECTIVE: To assess the determinants of embedded implementation research (EIR) conduct in seven Latin American and Caribbean countries. METHODS: This qualitative interpretative study conducted and analyzed 14 semi-structured interviews based on a grounded theory approach using Atlas-ti© 7.5.7. We grouped the conditions appointed by interviewees as determinants of EIR conduct into six domains. RESULTS: The participation of high-level engaged decision makers as research co-producers is an important EIR determinant that fosters research use. Nevertheless, EIR faces challenges such as dealing with key personnel changes and fluctuating political contexts. CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, EIR is effective in creating a sense of ownership of research results among implementers, which helps bridge the gap between research and decision-making in health syste

Prioritization of strategies to approach the judicialization of health in Latin America and the Caribbean

OBJETIVO Describir estrategias que contribuyan al abordaje integral de la judicialización de la salud en países de América Latina y El Caribe. MÉTODOS Se estructuró una búsqueda para identificar artículos que presentaran estrategias para el abordaje de la judicialización en salud. Se diseñó una encuesta, en donde se incluyeron actores del sistema de salud y del sector judicial. Se priorizaron las estrategias calificadas por más del 50,0% de los participantes como “muy relevantes”. Se categorizaron las estrategias según: gobernanza, prestación de servicios, recursos humanos, sistemas de información, financiación y productos médicos. RESULTADOS Se incluyeron 64 estudios en los cuales se identificaron 50 estrategias, relacionadas con las sub-funciones y componentes de los sistemas de salud. De las 165 personas que respondieron la encuesta, el 80,0% tenían entre 35-64 años. La distribución de hombres y mujeres fue homogénea. La mitad de los respondientes fue de Colombia (20,0%), Uruguay (16,9%) y Argentina (12,7%). Se priorizaron mayormente las estrategias que abordaron los aspectos de generación de evidencia científica útil para toma de decisión según las necesidades de salud de la población, el empoderamiento para la sociedad, y la generación de espacios de discusión de las medidas de inclusión o exclusión de tecnologías de salud. Los tomadores de decisión de la rama ejecutiva y judicial priorizaron las preguntas que abordaron las estrategias que garantizaran la rendición de cuentas. CONCLUSIONES Los resultados de este estudio contribuyen a la identificación de estrategias efectivas para el abordaje del fenómeno de la judicialización en salud, garantizando el derecho a la salud.OBJECTIVE To describe strategies that contribute to the comprehensive approach to the judicialization of health in countries of Latin America and the Caribbean. METHODS A search was structured to identify articles presenting strategies to approach the judicialization of health. A survey was designed, which included actors of the health system and judiciary sector. We prioritized the strategies qualified by more than the 50.0% of the participants as “very relevant”. Strategies were categorized according to: governance, provision of services, human resources, information systems, financing, and medical products. RESULTS We included 64 studies, which identified 50 strategies, related to the sub-functions and components of health systems. Of the 165 people who answered the survey, 80.0% were aged 35-64 years. The distribution of men and women was homogeneous. Half of the respondents were from Colombia (20.0%), Uruguay (16.9%), and Argentina (12.7%). We prioritized strategies that addressed aspects of generation of useful scientific evidence for decision making according to the health needs of the population, empowerment for the society, and creating spaces for discussion of measures of inclusion or exclusion of health technologies. The executive and judiciary decision makers prioritized questions that dealt with strategies that would ensure accountability. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to the identification of effective strategies to approach the phenomenon of judicialization of health, guaranteeing the right to health

Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage: identification of nursing research priorities in Latin America

Objective: To estabilish a regional list for nursing research priorities in health systems and services in the Region of the Americas based on the concepts of Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage. Method: five-stage consensus process: systematic review of literature; appraisal of resulting questions and topics; ranking of the items by graduate program coordinators; discussion and ranking amongst a forum of researchers and public health leaders; and consultation with the Ministries of Health of the Pan American Health Organization's member states. Results: the resulting list of nursing research priorities consists of 276 study questions/ topics, which are sorted into 14 subcategories distributed into six major categories: 1. Policies and education of nursing human resources; 2. Structure, organization and dynamics of health systems and services; 3. Science, technology, innovation, and information systems in public health; 4. Financing of health systems and services; 5. Health policies, governance, and social control; and 6. Social studies in the health field. Conclusion: the list of nursing research priorities is expected to serve as guidance and support for nursing research on health systems and services across Latin America. Not only researchers, but also Ministries of Health, leaders in public health, and research funding agencies are encouraged to use the results of this list to help inform research-funding decisions.Objetivo: estabelecer uma lista regional para prioridades de pesquisa em enfermagem dos sistemas e serviços de saúde de investigação na Região das Américas com base nos conceitos do Acesso Universal à Saúde e Cobertura Universal de Saúde. Método: processo de consenso de cinco estágios: revisão sistemática da literatura; apreciação de questões e tópicos resultantes; classificação dos itens por coordenadores de programas de pós-graduação; discussão e classificação entre um fórum de pesquisadores e líderes de saúde pública; e consulta com os Ministérios da Saúde dos países membros da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Resultados: a lista resultante de prioridades de pesquisa em enfermagem consiste em 276 questões/tópicos de estudo, que são classificados em 14 subcategorias distribuídos em seis categorias principais: 1. Políticas e formação de recursos humanos de enfermagem; 2. Estrutura, organização e dinâmica dos sistemas e serviços de saúde; 3. Ciência, tecnologia, inovação e sistemas de informação em saúde pública; 4. Financiamento de sistemas e serviços de saúde; 5. As políticas de saúde, governança e controle social; e 6. Estudos Sociais no campo da saúde. Conclusão: espera-se que a lista de prioridades de pesquisa em enfermagem sirva como orientação e apoio para pesquisa de enfermagem em sistemas e serviços de saúde em toda a América Latina. Não apenas pesquisadores, mas também os líderes dos Ministérios da Saúde, a saúde pública e as agências de fomento à pesquisa são incentivados a utilizar os resultados desta lista para ajudar a informar as decisões de financiamento da investigação.Objetivo: establecer una lista regional de las prioridades de la investigación en enfermería en los sistemas y los servicios de salud en la Región de las Américas sobre la base de los conceptos de Acceso Universal a la salud y Cobertura Universal de Salud. Método: proceso consensual de cincoetapas: revisión sistemática de la literatura; evaluación de cuestiones por tópicos; clasificación de los elementos por los coordinadores del programa de posgrado; discusión y clasificación en un foro de investigadores y líderes de la salud pública; y consulta con los Ministerios de Salud de los Estados miembros de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Resultados: el resultado de la lista de prioridades para la investigación en enfermería consta de 276 preguntas para los estudios/temas, que se clasifican en 14 subcategorías distribuidas en seis categorías principales: 1. Las políticas y la educación para el recurso humano en enfermería; 2. Estructura, organización y dinámica de los sistemas de salud ; 3. La ciencia, la tecnología, la innovación y los sistemas de información en salud pública; 4. Financiación de los sistemas de salud ; 5.Las políticas de salud, la gestión pública y control social; y 6. Estudios Sociales en el campo de la salud. Conclusión: se espera que la lista de las prioridades de investigación en enfermería sirva de orientación y apoyo para la investigación de enfermería en los sistemas y servicios de salud en América Latina. No sólo los investigadores, sino también a Ministerios de Salud, líderes de la salud pública y a los organismos de financiación de la investigación se les incentiva a que utilicen los resultados de esta lista para ayudar a tomar decisiones en la financiación para investigación

Risk factors for chronic kidney disease of non-traditional causes: a systematic review

Objectives. To evaluate the potential associations between chronic kidney disease of uncertain or nontraditional etiology (CKDnT) and agrochemicals, heat stress, heavy metals, and other factors identified in the literature in any region of the world and at any time. Methods. This was a systematic review of the most frequent exposures suspected to be possible causes of CKDnT. A search was conducted of PubMed, LILACS, World Wide Science electronic databases, among other sources. Only medium- and high-quality studies were included. The synthesis of evidence included a narrative synthesis, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Results. Four systematic reviews and 61 primary studies were included. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that exposure to agrochemicals and working in agriculture increase the risk of CKDnT, but this only reached significance for working in agriculture. When cross-sectional studies were excluded, agrochemical exposure became significant. However, there is substantial heterogeneity in the effect sizes. Conclusions. Based on the existing evidence and the precautionary principle, it is important to implement preventive measures to mitigate the damage caused by CKDnT to both agricultural workers and their communities (i.e., improvement of working conditions, cautious management of agrochemicals, etc.). More high-quality research is needed to measure impact and to build the evidence base.Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Do trialists endorse clinical trial registration? Survey of a Pubmed sample

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Despite intense interest in trial registration, there is a wide gap between theoretical postulates on trial registration and its implementation worldwide.</p> <p>Objective</p> <p>We aimed to evaluate trialists views about current international guidelines on trial registration, including the World Health Organization's (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) policies and the Ottawa Statement, as well as their intention to register any future clinical trials they conduct.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We identified all 40,158 PUBMED-indexed clinical trials published from May 2005 to May 2006 using an advanced search strategy. From a random sample of 500 confirmed clinical trials, corresponding authors with e-mail contact addresses were surveyed.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 275 (60%) questionnaires from 45 countries were completed. 31% of the respondents had received only nonindustry funding during the past ten years, while 5% and 61% had received only industry or mixed funding respectively. Approximately two third of participants supported registration of all 20 WHO Data Set items, and endorsed the Ottawa Statement part 1 and part 2. Delayed public disclosure of some essential data in instances where they may be considered sensitive for competitive commercial reasons was supported by 30% of the participants, whereas immediate disclosure was supported by 53%. Only 21% of participants had registered all of their ongoing trials since 2005, while 47% stated that they would provide the 20 WHO Data Set items to a publicly accessible register for all their future clinical trials; a significantly higher proportion of participants who received only nonindustry funding (62%) was found among those who would always provide the 20 WHO items for future trials, compared to 42% of participants who received mixed or only industry funding. Among those who were undecided about endorsing registration. One third of participants expressed a lack of sufficient knowledge as the primary reason.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Although disagreement was apparent on certain issues, our findings illustrate that trial registration is gradually becoming part of the current research paradigm internationally. Our results also suggest that researchers require more knowledge to inform their decision to comply with the International standards at this early stage of voluntary trial registration.</p

Índice compuesto de inequidad en salud para un país de mediano ingreso

Objetivo Desarrollar y validar un índice compuesto de inequidad en salud basado en mortalidad por grupos de causas.Métodos Estudio ecológico en país de mediano ingreso latinoamericano, con indicadores agregados disponibles de municipios y departamentos, que se seleccionaron a partirde observatorios de salud, grupos de investigación y autoridades sanitarias. Se dividen en intolerables y “no completamente evitables” según el avance científico actual, y se agregan en categorías: accidente de tránsito, agresiones, enfermedad renal, infección por VIH, parasitosis intestinal, sífilis, enfermedad de transmisión fecal/oral, tuberculosis, enfermedad transmitidas por vectores, enfermedad respiratoria, eventos hemorrágicos/ isquémicos cerebrales, mortalidad materna, mortalidad menores 5 años, meningitis. Luego de análisis de componentes principales se obtiene índice compuesto multidimensional de inequidad en salud (IIS) para hombres y mujeres. Consistencia interna se evalúamediante coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach. Se hace validación concurrente con proporción de personas en Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH), Expectativa de Vida al Nacer (EVN) entre otros.Resultados Se construye IIS que muestra valores más altos para las mujeres en la mayoría de municipios y departamentos; y para lugares con IDH alto, EVN alta y NBI bajas. El alpha de Cronbach fue 0.6688, IIS-hombres y 0.725, IIS-mujeres.Conclusiones Se obtiene IIS factible, reproducible y mutidimensional. Se destaca el papel de las grandes ciudades en las inequidades en salud, probablemente por el efecto de los intolerables en salud.Objective To develop and validate a composite index of health inequity based on mortality by grouped causes.Methods An ecological study in a middle-income Latin American country, with aggregate indicators available from municipalities and departments, which were selected from health observatories, research groups and health authorities. They were divided into intolerable and "not completely avoidable" according to current scientific progress, and were added in categories: traffic accident, aggression, kidney disease, HIV infection, intestinal parasitic diseases, syphilis, fecal / oral transmission disease, tuberculosis,disease Vector-borne diseases, respiratory disease, cerebral hemorrhagic / ischemic events, maternal mortality, lower mortality 5 years, meningitis. After analysis of main components, a composite index of health inequity (IIS) is obtained for men and women. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Concurrent validation was done with proportion of people in Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN), Human Development Index (HDI), Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB), among others.Results IIS is built showing higher values for women in most municipalities and departments; And for sites with high HDI, high LEB and low UBN. Cronbach's alpha was 0.6688, IIS-men and 0.725, IIS-women.Conclusions An IIS was obtained, is valid and reproducible. The role of big cities in inequities in health is highlighted, probably due to the effect of intolerable health