Magyarországi gastroenteritis járványokból kimutatott calicivírusok molekuláris szintű elemzése = Molecular analysis of caliciviruses detected in gastroenteritis outbreaks in Hungary

A calicivírus vizsgálatok európai pályázatokkal egészültek ki ("Enteric Virus Emergence, New Tools", EVENT, EUFP6 SP22-CT-2004-502571 és "Prevention of emerging (food-borne) enteric viral infections: diagnosis, viability testing, networking and epidemiology", DIVINE-NET, 20033213) és beépültek az enterális úton terjedő vírusok, a calicivírusok (norovírus/sapovírus), a hepatitis A és E vírusok európai molekuláris epidemiológiai vizsgálatába 2005-2008 között. A gastroenteritist okozó norovírusok köztudomásúak és a járványügyi diagnosztikai vizsgálata kiépült hazánkban. A norovírus szezonokon keresztüli, folyamatos molekuláris epidemiológia követése új ismereteket tárt fel a járványok epidemiológiai jellegzetességeiről (gyakoriság, genotípusok, terjedési mód/genotípus, korcsoport/genotípus, járványügyi katasztrófa hatása, rekombináció, immunitás stb) és a vírus genetikai állományának és antigenitásának változásairól. Új ismereteket szereztünk különböző sertés és szarvasmarha calicivírusok kimutatásával. Bizonyított a norovírusok vezető szerepe a gastroenteritis járványokban és a vírus pandémiás potenciálja. A GII4 norovírus rendkívül gyors és sikeres genetikai evolúciója hátterében az influenza vírusoknál már ismert ?drift? jelensége húzódik. Előrevetítve, norovírus járvány szám emelkedésének legvalószínűbb oka új GII4 antigén variáns megjelenése a populációban. A molekuláris eredmények segítenek a közvetlen járványügyi munkában és alapja új tesztek és vakcina előállításának. | This calicivirus study is connected with the European projects (Enteric Virus Emergence, New Tools, EVENT, EUFP6 SP22-CT-2004-502571 and Prevention of emerging (food-borne) enteric viral infections: diagnosis, viability testing, networking and epidemiology, DIVINE-NET, 20033213) and part of the European molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses such as calicivirus (norovirus/sapovirus), hepatitis A and E viruses between 2005 and 2008. The laboratory surveillance network for noroviruses has been build up in Hungary. New research data are available about the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreaks (incidence, genotypes, transmission mode/genotype, age group/genotype, effect of public health catastrophe, recombination, immunity etc) and the viral genetic and antigenic evolution comes form the continuous molecular epidemiological surveillance. Different porcine and bovine caliciviruses are also detected and characterized. Noroviruses are the predominant agent in outbreaks of gastroenteritis and have a pandemic potential. Fast and successful genetic evolution ? particularly of genotype GII4 - is highly similar to influenza genetic drifts. The elevated number of norovirus outbreaks predict the emergence of new genetic and antigen variant of norovirus GII4 in the population. Molecular results help us in outbreak investigation directly and are indispensable fundaments of the new laboratory tests and vaccine developments

Non-primate hepacivirus infection with apparent hepatitis in a horse — Short communication

Non-primate hepacivirus (NPHV) is a recently identified hepacivirus (family Flaviviridae) in dog and horse; however, the disease associations remain unknown. This study reports the detection of natural NPHV infection in a horse with apparent hepatitis, liver damage and high-level viraemia. NPHV could be hepatotropic and associated with hepatitis in horses

Evolution of Porcine Kobuvirus Infection, Hungary

Porcine kobuvirus was first identified in early 2007 in Hungary. Originally thought to be confined to the intestine, almost 2 years later the virus was found in the blood of clinically healthy pigs on the same farm. Porcine kobuvirus may be widely distributed on pig farms worldwide

Analysis of a novel RNA virus in a wild northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus)

Tombusviruses are generally considered plant viruses. A novel tombus-/carmotetravirus-like RNA virus was identified in a faecal sample and blood and muscle tissues from a wild northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus). The complete genome of the virus, called H14-hedgehog/2015/HUN (GenBank accession number MN044446), is 4,118 nucleotides in length with a readthrough stop codon of type/group 1 in ORF1 and lacks a poly(A) tract at the 3' end. The predicted ORF1-RT (RdRp) and the capsid proteins had low (31-33%) amino acid sequence identity to unclassified tombus-/noda-like viruses (Hubei tombus-like virus 12 and Beihai noda-like virus 10), respectively, discovered recently in invertebrate animals. An in vivo experimental plant inoculation study showed that an in vitro-transcribed H14-hedgehog/2015/HUN viral RNA did not replicate in Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, or Chenopodium murale, the most susceptible hosts for plant-origin tombusviruses

Nonsuppurative (Aseptic) Meningoencephalomyelitis Associated with Neurovirulent Astrovirus Infections in Humans and Animals

Astroviruses are thought to be enteric pathogens. Since 2010, a certain group of astroviruses has increasingly been recognized, using up-to-date random amplification and high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods, as potential neurovirulent (Ni) pathogens of severe central nervous system (CNS) infections, causing encephalitis, meningoencephalitis, and meningoencephalomyelitis. To date, neurovirulent astrovirus cases or epidemics have been reported for humans and domesticated mammals, including mink, bovines, ovines, and swine. This comprehensive review summarizes the virology, epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy, and future perspective related to neurovirulent astroviruses in humans and mammals, based on a total of 30 relevant articles available in PubMed (searched by use of the terms "astrovirus/encephalitis" and "astrovirus/meningitis" on 2 March 2018). A paradigm shift should be considered based on the increasing knowledge of the causality-effect association between neurotropic as-troviruses and CNS infection, and attention should be drawn to the role of astroviruses in unknown CNS diseases

Seroprevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis A virus in the pre-vaccine era in South Transdanubia, Hungary (2010-2020).

In this study, the age-related seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was investigated in the population in South-Transdanubia, Southwest Hungary (Central Europe) between years 2010 and 2020. Up to the age of 40, the HAV seropositivity was less than 18% in all age groups indicating a low level of HAV endemicity in this part of the country in the covered study period. The HAV seropositivity started to increase at the age group 41-45 years, reaching the ∼50% at age group 56-60, and 75-80% at age group 66-70, respectively. A total of 43 (0.2%) of the 21,106 tested sera were HAV IgM-positive (the annual percentage range of HAV IgM-positivity was 0.046-0.6%). Total of 24 (55.8%) of the 43 HAV IgM-positive samples tested RT-PCR-positive confirmed as HAV sub-genotypes IA (N = 17; 70.8%) and IB (N = 7; 29.2%), respectively. Imported HAV infections (three cases from Romania, and one-one case from Austria and Italy), two small outbreaks and 11 cases of a genetically identical sub-genotype IA strain (GenBank number of the prototype strain: KM657825) from 2012 to 2014 were identified later connected directly to the enormous HAV outbreak initiated among men who have sex with men (MSM) at the end of 2011 in the capital Budapest. In summary, low endemicity but high and increased susceptibility for HAV infection was found in the population in Southwest Hungary, where repeated introduction of sub-genotypes IA and IB HAV strains were identified between 2010 and 2020