On a shape adaptive image ray transform

A conventional approach to image analysis is to perform separately feature extraction at a low level (such as edge detection) and follow this with high level feature extraction to determine structure (e.g. by collecting edge points using the Hough transform. The original image Ray Transform (IRT) demonstrated capability to extract structures at a low level. Here we extend the IRT to add shape specificity that makes it select specific shapes rather than just edges, the new capability is achieved by addition of a single parameter that controls which shape is elected by the extended IRT. The extended approach can then perform low-and high-level feature extraction simultaneously. We show how the IRT process can be extended to focus on chosen shapes such as lines and circles. We confirm the new capability by application of conventional methods for exact shape location. We analyze performance with images from the Caltech-256 dataset and show that the new approach can indeed select chosen shapes. Further research could capitalize on the new extraction ability to extend descriptive capability

Season- and depth-dependent variability of a demersal fish assemblage in a large fjord estuary (Puget Sound, Washington)

Fjord estuaries are common along the northeast Pacific coastline, but little information is available on fish assemblage structure and its spatiotemporal variability. Here, we examined changes in diversity metrics, species biomasses, and biomass spectra (the distribution of biomass across body size classes) over three seasons (fall, winter, summer) and at multiple depths (20 to 160 m) in Puget Sound, Washington, a deep and highly urbanized fjord estuary on the U.S. west coast. Our results indicate that this fish assemblage is dominated by cartilaginous species (spotted ratfish [Hydrolagus colliei] and spiny dogfish [Squalus acanthias]) and therefore differs fundamentally from fish assemblages found in shallower estuaries in the northeast Pacific. Diversity was greatest in shallow waters (80 m) that are more common in Puget Sound and that are dominated by spotted ratf ish and seasonally (fall and summer) by spiny dogfish. Strong depth-dependent variation in the demersal fish assemblage may be a general feature of deep fjord estuaries and indicates pronounced spatial variability in the food web. Future comparisons with less impacted fjords may offer insight into whether cartilaginous species naturally dominate these systems or only do so under conditions related to human-caused ecosystem degradation. Information on species distributions is critical for marine spatial planning and for modeling energy flows in coastal food webs. The data presented here will aid these endeavors and highlight areas for future research in this important yet understudied system

Conformal electromagnetic wave propagation using primal mimetic finite elements

Elektromagnetische Wellenausbreitung bildet die physikalische Grundlage für unzählige Anwendungen in verschiedenen Bereichen der heutigen Welt. Um räumliche Szenarien zu modellieren, muss der kontinuierliche Raum in geeigneter Weise in ein Rechengebiet umgewandelt werden. Üblich diskretisierte Modelle – welche auf verschiedenen Größen beruhen – berücksichtigen die Beziehungen zwischen Feldvariablen mittels Relationen, welche durch partielle Differentialgleichungen repräsentiert werden. Um mathematische Beziehungen zwischen abhängigen Variablen in zweckdienlicher Art nachzubilden, schaffen hyperkomplexe Zahlensysteme ein passendes alternatives Rahmenwerk. Dieser Ansatz bezweckt das Einbinden bestimmter Systemeigenschaften und umfasst zusätzlich zur Modellierung von Feldproblemen, bei denen alle Variablen vorkommen, auch vereinfachte Modelle. Um eine wettbewerbsfähige Alternative zur üblichen numerischen Behandlung elektromagnetischer Felder in beobachtungsorientierter Weise darzubieten, wird das elektrische und magnetische Feld elektromagnetischer Wellenfelder als eine zusammengefasste Feldgröße, eingebettet im Funktionenraum, verstanden. Dieses Vorgehen ist intuitiv, da beide Felder in der Elektrodynamik gemeinsam auftreten und direkt messbar sind. Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit ist in zwei Ziele untergliedert. Auf der einen Seite wird ein umformuliertes Maxwell-System in einer metrikfreien Umgebung mittels dem sogenannten „bikomplexen Ansatz“ umfassend untersucht. Auf der anderen Seite wird eine mögliche numerische Implementierung hinsichtlich der Finite-Elemente-Methode auf modernem Wege durch Nutzung der diskreten äußeren Analysis mit Fokus auf Genauigkeitsbelange bewertet. Hinsichtlich der numerischen Genauigkeitsbewertung wird demonstriert, dass der vorgelegte Ansatz grundsätzlich eine höhere Exaktheit zeigt, wenn man ihn mit Formulierungen vergleicht, welche auf der Helmholtz-Gleichung beruhen. Diese Dissertation trägt eine generalisierte hyperkomplexe alternative Darstellung von gewöhnlichen elektrodynamischen Ausdrucksweisen zum Themengebiet der Wellenausbreitung bei. Durch die Nutzung einer direkten Formulierung des elektrischen Feldes in Verbindung mit dem magnetischen Feld wird die Rechengenauigkeit von Randwertproblemen erhöht. Um diese Genauigkeitserhöhung zu erreichen, wird eine geeignete Erweiterung der de Rham-Kohomologie unterbreitet.Electromagnetic wave propagation provides the physical basis for countless applications in various subjects of today’s world. In order to model spatial scenarios, the continuous space must be converted to an appropriate computational domain. Ordinarily discretized models – which are based on distinct quantities – consider the connection between field variables by relations which are represented by partial differential equations. To reproduce mathematical relationships between dependent variables in a convenient manner, hypercomplex number systems build a suitable alternative framework. This approach aims to incorporate certain system properties and covers, in addition to the modeling of field problems where all variables are present, also simplified models. To provide a competitive alternative to the ordinary numerical handling of electromagnetic fields in an observation-based way, the electric and magnetic field of electromagnetic wave fields is understood as only one combined field variable embedded in the function space. This procedure is intuitive since both fields occur together in electrodynamics and are directly measureable. The focus of this thesis is twofold. On the one side, a reformulated Maxwell system is broadly investigated in a metric-free environment by the use of the so-called ”bicomplex approach”. On the other side, a possible numerical implementation concerning the Finite Element Method is evaluated in a modern way by the use of discrete exterior calculus with focus on accuracy matters. Regarding the numerical accuracy evaluation, it is demonstrated that the presented approach yields a higher exactness in general when comparing it to formulations which are based on the Helmholtz equation. This thesis contributes generalized hypercomplex alternative representations of ordinary electrodynamic expressions to the topic of wave propagation. By the use of a direct formulation of the electric field in conjunction with the magnetic field, the computational accuracy of boundary value problems is improved. In order to achieve this increase of accuracy, an appropriate enhancement of the de Rham cohomology is proposed

Jane Addams, Mary Richmond and Liberal Feminism: An Historical Analysis

This historical thesis analyzed records and archival information regarding feminism in American social work by contrasting two key historical figures, Mary Richmond and Jane Addams who were considered the matriarchs of the social work movement in the earliest part of the 20th century. The study examined the accomplishments of Ms. Addams and Ms. Richmond, their backgrounds and philosophies that helped shape their feminism, beliefs, and political work and the impact it had on social work as a profession. The research gathered attempted to answer the question of whether the work done by these two women meets the current criteria of liberal feminism. That criteria being the support of a woman\u27s capacity to reason, individuality, right to education, economic success, citizenship rights and political equality, reproductive rights and availability of social services. According to the research, Jane Addams and Mary Richmond do meet the definition of liberal feminism according to Saulnier (1996) through their work, self-report and the information gathered from other researchers. The implications for social work practice and policy are discussed

주요 유기계 자외선 차단 물질이 여러 생애 단계의 제브라피쉬의 갑상선, 신경 및 신장에 미치는 독성과 관련 기전 연구

학위논문(박사) -- 서울대학교대학원 : 보건대학원 환경보건학과, 2022. 8. 최경호.유기계 자외선 차단물질(organic UV filters)은 자외선차단제, 화장품, 헤어 제품을 포함한 개인위생용품에 널리 사용되고 있는 물질군이다. 최근, 여러 국가에서 널리 사용되고 있는 유기계 자외선 차단물질인 벤조페논-3(benzophenone-3, BP-3) 및 옥틸메톡시신나메이트(octyl methoxycinnamate, OMC)가 함유된 자외선차단제 사용을 금지하였지만, 자외선차단제 외에도 여전히 다양한 용도로 많이 사용되고 있기 때문에 생체시료나 환경 중에서 꾸준히 검출되고 있다. 대부분의 유기계 자외선차단물질은 피부에 도포 후 전신흡수가 가능하기 때문에 주의가 필요하다. 기존 역학 연구들에 따르면, 유기계 자외선 차단물질의 노출이 갑상선 내분비계를 포함하여 다양한 건강 영향들에 대해 보고해왔다. 그러나, 독성학적 정보는 대부분 BP-3의 생식 및 성호르몬 교란에 국한되어 있다. 그러나 유기계 자외선 차단물질들은 구조적 유사성으로 인해 비슷한 수준의 독성영향을 예상할 수 있으며, BP-3를 제외한 나머지 물질에 대한 독성연구는 부족한 수준이다. 특히, 여러 생애주기에 미치는 영향 연구는 매우 부족하다. 따라서, 본 연구는 여러 유기계 자외선 차단물질 노출에 따른 갑상선 내분비계 교란과 갑상선호르몬 교란과 관련된 관련 독성 영향을 파악하고자 한다. 첫번째 연구에서는(Chapter 1) 유기계 자외선 차단물질의 현재 사용 및 생산량, 관련 규제에 대해 조사하고 이 물질들의 독성학적 지식 갭을 확인하기 위해 및 내분비계 교란 가능성에 대해 조사하였다. 환경 중 검출 농도 및 생태학적 중요성을 고려하여 아보벤존(avobenzone, AVB), BP-3, 옥토크릴렌(octocrylene, OC), OMC를 선정하였다. 두 번째 연구(Chapter 2)에서는 글로벌 시장에서 주로 많이 사용되며 환경 중 검출빈도가 높은 AVB, BP-3, OC, 그리고 OMC 4종을 대상으로 제브라피쉬 모형을 이용하여 이들 물질의 갑상선 호르몬 교란 가능성을 배아 발달시기(수정 후 120 시간 노출), 초기 발달단계(수정 후 30일 노출), 성어 시기(6개월령 이상의 수컷, 21일 노출)의 여러 생애주기에서 살펴보았다. 노출 종료 후, 효소 결합 면역 흡착법(ELISA)을 통해 갑상선호르몬 자극 호르몬(TSH) 및 갑상선호르몬(T4, T3)의 변화와 실시간 중합효소 연쇄반응(RT-qPCR)을 이용하여 갑상선호르몬 조절과 관련된 유전자(trh, trhr, tshβ, tshr, nis, tpo, tg, dio1, dio2, dio3, trα, trβ, ugt1ab, sult1 st5, ttr)를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 연구 대상 물질 4종 모두(AVB, BP-3, OC, OMC) 제브라피쉬의 모든 생애주기의 시상하부-뇌하수체 갑상선(hypothalamus-pituitary thyroid axis, HPT) 축과 갑상선호르몬의 간 대사와 관련된 유전자의 발현 변화가 관찰되었다. 특히, 배아 발달단계와 유어 시기에 그 영향이 더 크게 나타난 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 두 번째 연구 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 주요 유기계 자외선 차단물질이 여러 생애 단계에 갑상선호르몬의 불균형을 일으키는 것을 확인하였다. 세 번째 연구(Chapter 3)에서는 배아 발달시기(수정 후 120 시간 노출), 초기 발달단계(수정 후 30일 노출), 성어 시기(6개월령 이상의 수컷, 21일 노출)의 여러 생애주기에서 주요 유기계 자외선 차단물질에 대한 신경 독성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 제브라피쉬를 배아단계부터 수정 후 120시간 및 30일 동안, 평가 대상 자외선 차단물질에 노출한 후, Daniovision ethovision® (Nodulus)을 이용하여 빛 자극으로 인한 행동 변화(hyper-, hypoactivity)와 불안장애 표현형인 신경행동학적 변화와 함께 신경발달 및 신경 독성과 관련된 유전자 마커(mbp, gap43, gfap, c-fos, syn2a, syt1a, stxbp1b)를 분석하였다. 또한, 제브라피쉬 수컷 성어를 이용하여 21일간 평가 대상 자외선 차단물질에 노출 후 마찬가지로 신경발달 및 독성과 관련된 유전자의 발현 변화를 확인하였다. 그 결과, 배아 발달 및 초기 발달시기의 행동이 자외선 차단물질의 노출로 인해 대조군에 비해 유의하게 감소하였고, 불안장애의 신경행동학적 변화가 유의하게 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 신경행동학적 변화는 중추 신경계에 발현되는 주요 유전자 또는 신경 세포에 대한 직간접적인 독성 영향의 결과일 가능성을 시사한다. 신경발달 및 독성과 관련된 유전자의 발현은 모든 생에 주기에서 영향이 나타났지만, 그 중 발달단계가 가장 크게 영향을 받았다. 따라서, 이 연구를 통해 관찰된 신경행동학적 변화는 중추 신경의 주요 유전자의 발현에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로, 네 번째 연구(Chapter 4)에서는 배아 발달시기(수정 후 120 시간 노출), 초기 발달단계(수정 후 30일 노출), 성어 시기(6개월령 이상의 수컷, 21일 노출)의 여러 생애주기에서 주요 유기계 자외선 차단물질이 신장기능에 미치는 영향에 대해 평가하였다. 노출 종료 후, 제브라피쉬 배아 및 유어를 깨끗한 사육수로 옮긴 후 단백뇨 수준을 관찰하였다. 또한, 신장재생과 구조에 중요한 역할을 하는 핵심 유전자의 발현 변화를 관찰하기 위해 배아 발달 및 유어 시기에서는 신장 특이적으로 발현되는 유전자(wt1a, podocin, nephrin, kim-1, cdh17, sim1a)를 분석하였고, 수컷 성어 신장 조직을 이용하여 보다 더 자세한 자외선 차단물질로 인한 신장독성 기전을 파악하기 위해 여러 유전자(ppargc1a, tbx2a, tbx2b, etv4, etv5, wt1a, podocin, nephrin, kim-1, cdh17, sim1a, pax2a)를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 배아 발달 및 유어 시기의 제브라피쉬의 단백뇨 수준에 변화와 신장 구조 및 기능에 중요한 역할을 하는 주요 유전자의 발현의 변화가 관찰되었다. 본 연구를 통해 자외선 차단물질의 노출이 여러 생애 단계(배아발달, 유어 및 성어 시기)의 신장에 영향을 미치는 것을 보여주어 자외선 차단물질 노출로 인한 신장 건강 영향에 대한 중요한 실마리를 제공한다. 이상의 세 실험 연구를 종합해보았을 때, 자외선 차단물질(AVB, BP-3, OC, OMC)의 중요한 건강 영향을 보여주었다. 본 연구를 통해 연구 대상 자외선 차단물질이 제브라피쉬의 여러 생애 단계의 갑상선호르몬의 항상성에 영향을 주었다. 더 나아가, 자외선 차단물질에 노출된 제브라피쉬의 신경행동 및 신장의 기능이 손상되었다. 자외선 차단물질은 피부에 오랫동안 머물도록 만들어지고, 피부흡수를 통해 순환계에 도달할 수 있기 때문에 사람의 건강에 미치는 영향은 환경 보건학적으로 매우 중요하다. 많은 자외선 차단물질이 혼합되어 사용되는 특성을 고려하면, 이 물질들의 혼합독성을 이해하는 것이 필요하다. 고농도 노출환경으로 제한되기는 하지만, 주요 유기계 자외선 차단물질은 갑상선호르몬 교란 작용이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 그 반응이 노출 시기별로 다르게 관찰되었다. 이는 평가 대상 자외선 차단물질이 HPT 축 및 갑상선호르몬의 간 대사에 직접 작용하는 기전에 의한 현상으로 볼 수 있다. 또한, 여러 생애 주기에 신경과 신장의 정상적인 기능을 손상시키는 것으로 보인다. 주요 유기계 자외선 차단 물질이 갑상선호르몬 및 관련 건강에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 것은 환경보건학적인 측면에서 매우 중요하며, 안전한 자외선 차단물질을 선정하기 위한 과학적인 기초자료로도 매우 중요할 것이다. 나아가, 많은 자외선 차단 물질이 혼합되어 사용되는 특성을 고려하면, 이 물질들의 혼합 독성을 이해하는 것이 필요하며, 발달 시기와 같이 민감한 집단에서의 자외선 차단물질로 인한 건강영향과 관련한 실험 및 역학 조사가 필요하다.Organic UV filters are widely used for skin protection in personal care products such as sunscreen, cosmetics, and hair products. Although several UV filter agents, such as benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), have been banned for use in sunscreens in some regions, many organic UV filters are still extensively used for various applications. Most organic UV filters can penetrate the skin following dermal application and reach the bloodstream at levels warranting caution. Growing laboratory and epidemiologic evidence shows that organic UV filter agents can affect the thyroid endocrine system and possibly affect behavior and damage the kidneys. However, toxicological information is mostly limited to the endocrine-disrupting effects of BP-3. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate thyroid endocrine disruption and related toxicities following exposure to different organic UV filters. In the first study (Chapter 1), to identify the knowledge gaps related to UV filters, we reviewed the current uses, regulations and known endocrine disrupting potencies of major organic UV filters. Considering environmental exposures and ecological significance, AVB, BP-3, OC and OMC were chosen as test UV filters for further toxicological evaluations. In the second study (Chapter 2), the effects of the ‘test UV filters’ on thyroid hormone dysregulation were evaluated in embryo-larval (~120 hours post-fertilization), early-life (~30 days post-fertilization), and adult (>6 months, 21-day exposure) male zebrafish (Danio rerio). After exposure, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones (T4 and T3) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and genes related to thyroid hormone regulation (trh, trhr, tshβ, tshr, nis, tpo, tg, dio1, dio2, dio3, trα, trβ, ugt1ab, sult1 st5, ttr) were evaluated by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR). After exposure to several UV filters, including AVB, BP-3, OC, and OMC, the levels of thyroid hormone and hypothalamus-pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis and hepatic metabolism genes were significantly altered in embryo-larval, juvenile and adult male zebrafish. Thus, our study suggests that commonly used UV filters could cause thyroid system imbalance in a life stage-specific manner. In addition, the results of this study indicate that early life stages are specifically vulnerable to UV filter exposure. In the third study (Chapter 3), the neurotoxicity of these UV filters was examined, and a possible link between thyroid hormone dysregulation and neurotoxicity was investigated in embryo-larval (~120 hours post-fertilization), early-life (~30 days post-fertilization), and adult (>6 months, 21 days of exposure) male zebrafish. Neurobehavioral changes in zebrafish were analyzed during open-field and novel tank tests using Daniovision Ethovision® (Nodulus). Hypo- or hyperactivity and thigmotaxis, which are anxiety-like behavior phenotypes, were also evaluated. The mRNA expression levels of neurogenesis and neurotoxic markers (mbp, gap43, gfap, c-fos, syn2a, syt1a, stxbp1b) were quantified to address possible underlying mechanisms. Neurobehavioral changes were observed, along with changes in key genes related to neurodevelopment or neurogenesis. Our results suggest that locomotion and anxiety-like behavior changes in embryo-larval and juvenile zebrafish are likely the result of altered gene expression in the central nervous system and/or direct neurotoxic effects on neuronal cells. Moreover, UV filter displayed stronger effects in terms of neurogenesis, which implies that the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to UV filter exposure. In the last study (Chapter 4), we demonstrated kidney toxicity caused by the study UV filters in embryo-larval (~120 hours post-fertilization), early-life (~30 days post-fertilization), and adult (>6 months, 21-day exposure) male zebrafish (Danio rerio). At the end of theexposure period, embryo-larval and juvenile fish were transferred to clean culture media for proteinuria analysis. The kidneys of the adult male zebrafish were harvested for histological observations. For nephrotoxicity- and nephrogenesis-related mRNA quantification, whole embryo-larval and juvenile zebrafish and the kidney tissues of adult male zebrafish were collected. In embryo-larval and juvenile fish, only genes that were expressed specifically in the kidneys were evaluated (wt1a, podocin, nephrin, kim-1, cdh17, sim1a). For adult male fish, genes known to play a role in nephrogenesis and kidney injury were analyzed (ppargc1a, tbx2a, tbx2b, etv4, etv5, wt1a, podocin, nephrin, kim-1, cdh17, sim1a, pax2a). Subsequently, it was found that exposure to UV filters induced significant changes in the proteinuria of embryonic larvae and zebrafish. In addition, transcriptional changes in genes related to kidney structure and injury were observed in embryo-larval, juvenile and adult zebrafish. The results from this study clearly demonstrate that exposure to UV filters increases kidney toxicity in a concentration-dependent manner during various life stages (e.g., embryo-larval, juvenile, and adult). This study provides important insights into kidney health consequences associated with UV filters. The series of studies demonstrated important health effects of UV filters. We found that many organic UV filters disrupt the thyroid hormone balance of the embryo-larval, early-life and adult stages of zebrafish. Moreover, these UV filters impaired neurobehavior and damaged the normal kidney function of the fish. Because UV filters are designed to stay on the skin for a long time and can penetrate the skin to reach the circulation, their effects on human health are of great public health concern. Moreover, many UV filters are used in combination with others, and hence, it is urgent to understand and model their combined toxicity to guarantee the safety of sunscreens. Finally, the consequences of UV filter exposure during susceptible periods, e.g., fetal life, infancy, and puberty, are in question and warrant rigorous experimental and epidemiologic investigations.Abstract 6 Contents 10 List of tables 12 List of figues 14 Chapter 1 Introduction 16 1.1 Background 16 1.2 Current uses and regulations 20 1.3 Physicochemical characteristics and environmental occurrences 31 1.4 Endocrine disrupting potencies 36 1.5 Summary 80 1.6 Research obsectives and study design 82 Chapter 2 Thyroid disruption of organic UV filters in different life stages of zeberafish (Danio rerio) 86 2.1 Introduction 86 2.2 Materials and methods 89 2.3 Results 99 2.4 Discussion 141 2.5 Summary 152 Chapter 3 Neurotoxicity and related mechanisms of organic UV filters in different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) 153 3.1 Introduction 153 3.2 Materials and methods 157 3.3 Results 165 3.4 Discussion 184 3.5 Summary 191 Chapter 4 Kidney toxicity and related mechanisms of organic UV filters in different life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) 192 4.1 Introduction 192 4.2 Materials and methods 196 4.3 Results 206 4.4 Discussion 219 4.5 Summary 226 Chapter 5 Conclusions 227 5.1 Summary 227 5.2 Future research directions 253 References 255 국문 초록(Abstract in Korean) 294 감사의 글 299박

Targeting Gender: A Content Analysis of Alcohol Advertising in Magazines

Advertisers use different advertising strategies depending on their target audiences in order to maximize advertising effects. In general, the most frequently used target segmentation is gender because it meets requirements for successful advertising implementation. Thus, the focus of this study is to find whether advertisements contain ingredients that are likely to have special appeal for target audiences. The study analyzed message strategy and creative strategy of alcohol advertising in magazines. For the analysis, from January 2004 to December 2011, a total number of 474 alcohol advertisements were examined from six magazines divided by three categories: men (Playboy and Sports Illustrated), women (Southern Living and Vogue), and gender-neutral (Gourmet and Gentlemen\u27s Quarterly). The results of this study point out that alcohol advertising appeals to gender differences through different creative strategies rather than through message strategies. However, regardless of gender, the most commonly used strategies in alcohol advertising are to appeal to target audience’s emotional aspects, especially within social situations. Also, results reveal several characteristics of alcohol advertising in magazines such as women’s increasing socio-economic aspects and magazines’ media characteristics

Compositional Techniques in Hodie by Ralph Vaughan Williams

Hodie (This day) is Vaughan Williams\u27s last large choral work. It is important because Vaughan Williams used not only complicated and innovative compositional techniques but also the largest instrumentation among his choral-orchestral compositions. It gives a challenging opportunity for composers who wish to learn innovative compositional techniques for vocal or choral-orchestral music. This research project will present Vaughan Williams\u27s compositional techniques in a major choral-orchestral composition consisting of multiple movements. First, unification as a compositional method to link multiple movements by using recurring musical themes will be examined. Secondly, the treatment of biblical and non-biblical texts will be studied. Therefore, Hodie will be seen to represent a synthesis of compositional techniques based on the unique individuality of the musical style of Vaughan Williams. This project is divided into four chapters, \u27Hodie: An Overview of the Work,\u27 \u27The Relationships of Biblical Narratives and Poetic Insertions,\u27 \u27Recurring Themes in Narrations and Other Movements,\u27 and \u27Hodie, Dona Nobis Pacem, and Sancta Civitas: A Comparison of Stylistic Change.\u27 Various tables and musical examples in chapters are used to compare poetry and themes as well as musical ideas