Exchange Effects in the Invar Hardening: Fe0.65Ni0.35Fe_{0.65}Ni_{0.35} as a test case

An increase of the critical resolved shear stress of Invar alloys (Invar hardening) with a lowering temperature is explained. The effect is caused by a growth of the exchange interaction between dangling $d$-electron states of dislocation cores and paramagnetic obstacles (e.g., Ni atoms in FeNi alloys) which occurs below the Curie temperature. The spins of the two electrons align along the magnetization due to the exchange interaction with the surrounding atoms of the ferromagnetic. The exchange interaction between the dislocations and obstacles is enhanced in Invars due to a strong growth of the magnetic moments of atoms under the action of elastic strains near the dislocation cores. Parameters characterizing the exchange interaction are determined for the case of the Fe$_{0.65}$Ni$_{0.35}$ Invar. The influence of the internal magnetic field on the dislocation detachment from the obstacles is taken into account. The obtained temperature dependence of the critical resolved shear stress in the Fe$_{0.65}$Ni$_{0.35}$ Invar agrees well with the available experimental data. Experiments facilitating a further check of the theoretical model are suggested.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figure

How could different obesity scenarios alter the burden of type 2 diabetes and liver disease in Saudi Arabia?

Introduction Obesity is a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and liver disease, and obesity-attributable liver disease is a common indication for liver transplant. Obesity prevalence in Saudi Arabia (SA) has increased in recent decades. SA has committed to the WHO ‘halt obesity’ target to shift prevalence to 2010 levels by 2025. We estimated the future benefits of reducing obesity in SA on incidence and costs of T2DM and liver disease under two policy scenarios: 1) SA meets the ‘halt obesity’ target; 2) population body mass index (BMI) is reduced by 1% annually from 2020 to 2040. Methods We developed a dynamic microsimulation of working-age people (20-59 years) in SA between 2010 and 2040. Model inputs included population demographic, disease and healthcare cost data, and relative risks of diseases associated with obesity. In our two policy scenarios, we manipulated population BMI and compared predicted disease incidence and associated healthcare costs to a baseline ‘no change’ scenario. Results Adults 1.15 million combined cases of T2DM, liver disease and liver cancer could be avoided by 2040. Healthcare cost savings for the ‘halt obesity’ and 1% reduction scenarios are 46.7 and 32.8 billion USD, respectively. Discussion/Conclusion SA’s younger working-age population is set to meet the ‘halt obesity’ target, but those aged 35-59 are off-track. Even a modest annual 1% BMI reduction could result in substantial future health and economic benefits. Our findings strongly support universal initiatives to reduce population-level obesity, with targeted initiatives for working-age people ≥35 years of age

Estimating the costs of air pollution to the National Health Service and social care : An assessment and forecast up to 2035

BACKGROUND: Air pollution damages health by promoting the onset of some non-communicable diseases (NCDs), putting additional strain on the National Health Service (NHS) and social care. This study quantifies the total health and related NHS and social care cost burden due to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in England. METHOD AND FINDINGS: Air pollutant concentration surfaces from land use regression models and cost data from hospital admissions data and a literature review were fed into a microsimulation model, that was run from 2015 to 2035. Different scenarios were modelled: (1) baseline 'no change' scenario; (2) individuals' pollutant exposure is reduced to natural (non-anthropogenic) levels to compute the disease cases attributable to PM2.5 and NO2; (3) PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations reduced by 1 μg/m3; and (4) NO2 annual European Union limit values reached (40 μg/m3). For the 18 years after baseline, the total cumulative cost to the NHS and social care is estimated at £5.37 billion for PM2.5 and NO2 combined, rising to £18.57 billion when costs for diseases for which there is less robust evidence are included. These costs are due to the cumulative incidence of air-pollution-related NCDs, such as 348,878 coronary heart disease cases estimated to be attributable to PM2.5 and 573,363 diabetes cases estimated to be attributable to NO2 by 2035. Findings from modelling studies are limited by the conceptual model, assumptions, and the availability and quality of input data. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 2.5 million cases of NCDs attributable to air pollution are predicted by 2035 if PM2.5 and NO2 stay at current levels, making air pollution an important public health priority. In future work, the modelling framework should be updated to include multi-pollutant exposure-response functions, as well as to disaggregate results by socioeconomic status

RemoveDebris Mission, In Orbit Operations

International audienceThe RemoveDebris mission has been the first Active Debris Removal (ADR) mission to give in orbit demonstrations of cost effective technologies that can be used to obser ve, capture and dispose of space debris. The craft was launched to the ISS on the 2nd of April 2018, on board a Dragon capsule. From here the satellite was deployed via the NanoRacks Kaber system into an orbit at 405km altitude and has performed key technology demonstrations including the use of a net, a harpoon, vision-based navigation (VBN) and a dragsail in a realistic space operational environment. Two CubeSats have been released by the main platform and used as targets for the net demonstration and for the VBN, whereas the harpoon demonstration has used a target mounted at the end of a boom deployed from the platform. These have been the first ever in-orbit successful demonstrations of technologies for large space debris capture. The dragsail demonstration presented some anomalies, however the lessons learned have already been implemented in new successful dragsails already deployed in space missions. This paper briefly outlines the development of the mission, discussing some of its challenges, and focusses on the various in orbit experiments, describing the operations and overall outcomes

MagVector/MFX-2 - a planetary laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS): Electromagnetic simulation and inversion of magnetic field data from planetary and asteroid analogs

The MagVector/MFX-2 experiment was conducted in 2018 as part of Alexander Gerst's horizons mission on the International Space Station (ISS). It was planned and led by the German Space Agency at DLR and developed and built by Airbus Defense and Space GmbH with funds from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi, now BMWK). Its main objective was to enlarge the number of sensors for measuring effects of the Magvector/MFX core. Furthermore, the new sensor array gave an excellent opportunity to host 13 different material and planetary rock samples, for the first time measuring possible interactions with magnetic fields when travelling with orbital velocity in a laboratory experimental setup onboard the ISS. The magnetic environment around the samples was continuously monitored by 32 sensors measuring the magnetic flux density in three components. The meteorite samples and sample preparation were provided by the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. The collected data material has been investigated using simulation and inversion software developed at the TU Freiberg. Here, we are going to report about the results of these virtual experiments that aim at reconstructing and understanding the observed magnetostatic and inductive responses generated by the samples. The magnetic susceptibility of the samples was successfully recovered by a newly developed magnetostatic inversion algorithm after preprocessing the data to remove unphysical signal components. Furthermore, we have carried out a series of induction experiments using our Nedelec finite element unstructured tetrahedral mesh time-domain forward modeling code. Both codes allow for a highly accurate incorporation of the experimental geometry and the shape of the samples. The induction experiments showed that a significant inductive effect of the samples at the nearest sensor location cannot be expected below 1 to 10 kHz. Based on these findings, the method can be scaled up for the investigation of larger objects

MagVector/MFX-2 - a planetary laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS): Electromagnetic simulation and inversion of magnetic field data from planetary and asteroid analogs

The MagVector/MFX-2 experiment was conducted in 2018 as part of Alexander Gerst’s horizons mission on the International Space Station (ISS). Its main objective was to enlarge the number of sensors for measuring effects of the Magvector/MFX core. Furthermore, the new sensor array gave an excellent opportunity to host 13 different material and planetary rock samples, for the first time measuring possible interactions with magnetic fields when travelling with orbital velocity in a laboratory experimental setup onboard the ISS. The magnetic environment around the samples was continuously monitored by 32 sensors measuring the magnetic flux density in three components. The meteorite samples and sample preparation were provided by the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. The collected data material has been investigated using simulation and inversion software developed at the TU Freiberg. Here, we are going to report about the results of these virtual experiments that aim at reconstructing and understanding the observed magnetostatic and inductive responses generated by the samples. The known magnetic susceptibility of the samples was successfully recovered by a newly developed magnetostatic inversion algorithm after preprocessing the data to remove unphysical signal components. Furthermore, we have carried out a series of induction experiments using our Nedelec finite element unstructured tetrahedral mesh time-domain forward modeling code. Both codes allow for a highly accurate incorporation of the experimental geometry and the shape of the samples. The induction experiments showed that a significant inductive effect of the samples at the nearest sensor location cannot be expected below 1 to 10 kHz. Based on these findings, the method can be scaled up for the investigation of larger objects such as metal-rich asteroids. Acknowledgments: The Magvector/MFX experiment was planned and led by the German Space Agency at DLR and developed and built by Airbus Defense and Space GmbH with funds from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi, now BMWK)

MagVector/MFX-2 - a planetary laboratory on the International Space Station (ISS): Electromagnetic simulation and inversion of magnetic field data from planetary and asteroid analogs

The MagVector/MFX-2 experiment was conducted in 2018 as part of Alexander Gerst’s horizons mission on the International Space Station (ISS). Its main objective was to enlarge the number of sensors for measuring effects of the Magvector/MFX core. Furthermore, the new sensor array gave an excellent opportunity to host 13 different material and planetary rock samples, for the first time measuring possible interactions with magnetic fields when travelling with orbital velocity in a laboratory experimental setup onboard the ISS. The magnetic environment around the samples was continuously monitored by 32 sensors measuring the magnetic flux density in three components. The meteorite samples and sample preparation were provided by the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. The collected data material has been investigated using simulation and inversion software developed at the TU Freiberg. Here, we are going to report about the results of these virtual experiments that aim at reconstructing and understanding the observed magnetostatic and inductive responses generated by the samples. The known magnetic susceptibility of the samples was successfully recovered by a newly developed magnetostatic inversion algorithm after preprocessing the data to remove unphysical signal components. Furthermore, we have carried out a series of induction experiments using our Nedelec finite element unstructured tetrahedral mesh time-domain forward modeling code. Both codes allow for a highly accurate incorporation of the experimental geometry and the shape of the samples. The induction experiments showed that a significant inductive effect of the samples at the nearest sensor location cannot be expected below 1 to 10 kHz. Based on these findings, the method can be scaled up for the investigation of larger objects such as metal-rich asteroids. Acknowledgments: The Magvector/MFX experiment was planned and led by the German Space Agency at DLR and developed and built by Airbus Defense and Space GmbH with funds from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi, now BMWK)