Feed-in Tariffs and Quotas for Renewable Energy in Europe

Regenerative Energie, Elektrizität, Stromtarif, Förderung regenerativer Energien, EU-Staaten, Renewable energy, Electricity, Electricity price, Renewable energy policy, EU countries

Costs and Benefits of RES in Europe up to 2030. DIA-Core Policy Brief, 24 June 2014

Introduction. This Policy Brief follows-up on the DIA-CORE Policy Brief on “Assessing costs and benefits of deploying renewables”, dated 26 September 2014, which highlighted the complexities in making a comprehensive and appropriate assessment of costs and benefits resulting from an increased use of renewable energy sources (RES). It distinguished the different types of effects into system-related effects, distributional effects and macro-economic effects, and looked at the related data requirements, which need to be comprehensive and standardised. This DIA-CORE Policy Brief uses the tools proposed in the previous Policy Brief to estimate the effects on Member States of reaching the EU-wide RES target of 27% of the EU’s energy consumption by 2030. This allows to draw some conclusions on the differentiated impacts across Member States, and the potential implications for an effort sharing approach. It also assesses whether a higher ambition level could be beneficial. The paper also takes into account the implications of national policy frameworks and highlights the importance of reforms to reduce the costs of RES adoption

Білоруська соціал-демократична громада Чернігівщини

У статті аналізується документ, в якому вперше згадується про існування білоруської секції Революційної української партії.В статье анализируется документ, в котором впервые упоминается о существовании белорусской секции Революционной украинской партии.This article analyzes the document, in which the existence of the Belarusian section of the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party was first mentioned

Measuring the benefits of cross-border renewable auctions in Central and Eastern Europe — The theoretical case of Hungary

Economic theory suggests that significant benefits can be realized, if two or more countries integrate their renewable support schemes and capitalize on the lowest cost renewable energy projects in merged markets. Hungary is one of the Central and Eastern European countries having a legal obligation to open their renewable auction schemes to other EU member states. This paper provides a model-based assessment of what such a cross-border cooperation could mean for Hungary and its neighbouring countries. Economic benefits are calculated and presented for the participating countries according to three pairwise cases for cooperation. Based on these outcomes, the paper concludes with the policy considerations and recommendations to shape the design of the opened auction scheme

Action plan for deriving dynamic RES-E policies

The core objective of this project is to facilitate a continuous and significant increase in the share of RESE with minimal costs to European citizen. To identify the most important strategies (e.g. Tradable Green Certificates, Feed-In Tariffs, Investment Subsidies, Emissions Trading, CO2-taxes) in a dynamic way the computer-based toolbox Green-X has been developed. Although within the scope of this project it has not been feasible to investigate all possible issues within this field, the cases analysed cover not only the needs and opportunities at the level of the national Member States, but also those at the level ofthe EU. However, the most important ones have been treated thoroughly. This report, which is the final outcome from the Green-X project (Contract No: ENG2-CT-2002- 00607), with funding from the European Commission, DG Research, provides recommendations on the way forward for the promotion of renewable energy for electricity generation in the EU. It is addressed primarily to energy policy maker, as well as to other people interested in renewable energy and energy policy

South East Europe electricity roadmap – modelling energy transition in the electricity sectors

One of the most important challenges for the South East Europe region will be replacing more than 30% of its presently installed fossil fuel generation capacity by the end of 2030, and more than 95% by 2050 if its age structure is considered. This requires a strong policy framework to incentivise new investments in a region currently lacking investors, but also presents an opportunity to shape the electricity sector over the long term according to the broader energy transition strategy of the EU and the Energy Community. The aim of this paper is to assess what type of long-term pathways exist for electricity sector development in the region if they follow the energy transition process of the EU. In this model-based scenario assessment, long term electricity sector futures are explored using a set of interlinked electricity models evaluating the level of renewable energy investment required in the region to reach a deep decarbonization target, assuming emission reduction above 94% by 2050 compared to 1990 in line with the long term market integration and climate policy goals of the EU. It also explores what are the most important system wide impacts of the high deployment of renewable energy concerning generation adequacy and security of supply

Dynamic cost-resource curves for electricity from renewable energy sources and their application in energy policy assessment

Zsfassung in dt. SpracheTechnologien zur Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien im Bereich der Stromerzeugung sind gekennzeichnet durch ein zumeist hohes Kostensenkungspotenzial und begrenzte Ressourcen. In dieser Arbeit wird die konträre Rolle dieser Effekte analysiert und die Folgen für die zeitliche Ausgestaltung von entsprechenden Förderstrategien diskutiert.Ein neuer Ansatz im Bereich der Modellierung energiepolitischer Instrumente - die Entwicklung dynamischer Kosten-Potenzialkurven - wird aufgezeigt, der einen Brückenschlag zwischen bestehenden Methoden darstellt:- die formale Beschreibung von Kosten und Potenzialen erneuerbarer Energien mittels statischer Kosten-Potenzialkurven; - die Modellierung technologischen Wandels, d.h. der dynamischen Kosten- und Effizienzentwicklung, wie beispielsweise mittels Lernkurven beschrieben; - Aspekte der Technologiediffusion durch Berücksichtigung nicht-ökonomischer dynamischer Barrieren.Nach eingehender Beschreibung der formalen Grundlagen wird die gewählte Modellimplementierung anhand des entwickelten Prognosemodells Green-X, das die Simulation energiepolitischer Instrumente erlaubt, beschrieben.Im Weiteren erfolgt eine umfassende Darstellung der erstellten Datenbasis bezüglich Potenziale und Kosten erneuerbarer Energietechnologien. Anhand von Beispielen wird die Anwendung des Modells im Bereich der Evaluierung energiepolitischer Instrumente aufgezeigt. Wichtige Erkenntnisse sind:Dynamische Kosten-Potenzialkurven erweisen sich als ein aussagekräftiges Werkzeug, das es erlaubt eine Vielzahl an Ergebnissen in Hinsicht auf Effizienz (Kosten) und Effektivität (Potenzialausschöpfung) energiepolitischer Instrumente abzuleiten. Die gleichzeitige Berücksichtigung von Ressourcenbeschränkungen als auch dynamischer Kostenentwicklungen erlaubt folglich eine verbesserte dynamische Ausgestaltung von Förderinstrumenten.Die konkrete Ausgestaltung der Förderinstrumente stellt das wichtigste Kriterium für eine effiziente Förderung dar. Ähnliche Effekte bezüglich der Ausbaurate erneuerbarer Energien, der Investitionssicherheit etc.lassen sich durch verschiedene Instrumente erreichen, wenn deren Rahmenbedingungen ähnlich gesetzt werden. Selbstverständlich bleiben gewisse Unterschiede erhalten, wie beispielsweise bei Betrachtung der direkten Förderkosten Einspeisetarifsystemen klare Vorteile aufweisen.The developed modelling concept of dynamic cost-resource curves allows the linkage between three approaches of particular importance in the field of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES-E), but also energy technologies in a general manner, namely static cost-resource curves, technological change and technology diffusion. This concept is applied within the development of the dynamic computer model Green-X. Thereby, data requirements with respect to dynamic cost-resource curves are discussed, and an in-brief depiction of the developed database for RES-E, referring geographically to EU-15 countries, is given. The application of the concept respectively the model in the assessment of RES-E policies is illustrated exemplarily: An evaluation of energy policy instruments on EU-15 level is undertaken, and, in addition, the assessment of RES-E deployment on national level is discussed considering Austria as example.Main conclusions are:The dynamic cost-resource curve approach represents a proper tool in this respect due to the combined consideration of resource restrictions and dynamic cost developments. They assist in deriving the optimal time-path for policy instruments. They assist policy makers in deriving efficient and effective promotion instruments for RES-E. Through their application results can be gained with respect to both costs (i.e.efficiency) and penetration (i.e. effectiveness).The design of an effective strategy is the most important success criteria. Of course, as the instruments differ, the effort, the efficiency and complexity of reaching a similar impact varies among the support schemes too. By focusing on transfer costs for consumer feed-in tariff systems represent the preferable instrument.15

Heading towards democratic and sustainable electricity systems – the example of Austria

In recent years rising quantities of electricity generated from new variable renewable energy sources (VRES) have influenced the structure of electricity markets in many countries. The major aim of this work is to investigate the conditions required to head towards a sustainable and more democratic electricity supply system by using even higher amounts of VRES for the example of Austria. The most important result of this investigation is that an approach based on market principles – including flexibility and the final customers – is favourable and will ensure that competition at the service level rather than capacity payments will be the basis for future market designs of the electricity system. The transformation towards a sustainable and more democratic as well as increasingly competitive future electricity supply system is likely to be based on different paradigms of “new thinking”. This means that the fundamental structures of the overall electricity system will change. It will be based on changing from the old inflexible one-way electricity delivery system to a very flexible one with a two or multi-way flow of electricity. Regarding the case study of the Austrian electricity system the major finding is that up to 2030 RES can contribute to electricity generation to the same extent as electricity demand is expected to be. This implies a growth to about 16 TWh Wind (in 2020: 7 TWh) and 12 TWh PV (in 2020: 1 TWh). However, to meet demand on an hourly base over the whole year even after having implemented additional storage capacities and several flexibility measures on the demand-side an amount of about 2 TWh electricity (compared to 10 TWh in 2019) has to be generated from different gas-based power plants (e.g. natural or biomass-based gases)