Elementary edge and screw dislocations visualized at the lattice periodicity level in smectic phase of colloidal rods

We report on the identification and quantitative characterization of elementary edge and screw dislocations in a colloidal smectic phase of tip-labeled rods. Thanks to the micrometer layer spacing, direct visualization of dislocations has been performed at the \textit{smectic periodicity scale} by optical fluorescence microscopy. As a result, the displacement field around an edge dislocation has been experimentally established and compared with the profile predicted by elastic theory. Elementary screw dislocations have been also evidenced, for which the core size as well as the \textit{in situ} handedness have been determined. Self-diffusion experiments performed at the individual particle level reveal for the first time nematic-like or "melted" ordering of the defect core.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, accepted in PR

Directing liquid crystalline self-organization of rod-like particles through tunable attractive single tips

Dispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-core volume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them, resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phase at the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figure

Structure and dynamics of rod-like colloids with patchy interaction

Les dispersions de virus filamenteux présentent une succession d'états cristallins liquides comprenant les phases nématique, smectique (ou lamellaire) et colonnaire. L’auto-organisation de ces particules colloïdales en forme de bâtonnet s’est révélée être essentiellement pilotée par l’entropie dont résulte un potentiel d’interaction entre particules purement répulsif. Dans cette thèse, les propriétés structurales et dynamiques de bâtonnets présentant une interaction attractive directionnelle fortement localisée (interaction dite à « patch ») à l'une des extrémités des particules ont été étudiées. L’interaction attractive locale a été obtenue en fonctionnalisant les extrémités des virus filamenteux par greffage régiosélectif de colorants fluorescents hydrophobes qui jouent le rôle de « patch » enthalpique. La force d'attraction peut être modulée en faisant varier le nombre de molécules de colorant liées. Nous avons montré que cette interaction à « patch » stabilise la phase smectique au détriment de la phase nématique, laissant les autres phases cristallines liquides essentiellement inchangées. En outre, la présence de molécules de colorant fluorescent sur les extrémités des virus permet l'observation de structures lamellaires cristal-liquides avec un contraste et une résolution exacerbés. La visualisation in situ de défauts topologiques en phase smectique, telle des dislocations de type coin et vis, a été réalisée à l'échelle de la périodicité du réseau. Le champ de déplacement autour d’une dislocation coin a été établi expérimentalement et comparé au profil prédit par les théories élastiques. Des dislocations de type vis ont également été mises en évidence, pour lesquelles la taille du cœur et l'helicite ont été déterminées.La dynamique des virus « patchy » et de ceux non fonctionnalisés a été étudiée par suivi temporel du déplacement des particules individuelles en microscopie de fluorescence. Dans toutes les phases cristallines liquides, la diffusion de particules « patchy » s'est avérée être entravée. En particulier dans la phase smectique, les bâtonnets « patchy » ont tendance à résider dans les couches diffusant principalement dans la direction perpendiculaire à l'axe principal du virus, tandis que les bâtonnets non fonctionnalisés présentent une diffusion entre couches beaucoup plus prononcée. Ce comportement peut s’explique par la plus grande valeur du potentiel smectique associé et mesuré expérimentalement dans les deux types de dispersion.Nous avons combiné des effets de « patch » entropique et enthalpique en ajoutant des polymères non-absorbants à la dispersion virale fonctionnalisée. Dans ce cas, les bâtonnets s’auto-assemblent latéralement par déplétion en des clusters. La diffusion de rayons X et la microscopie optique ont été utilisées pour comparer les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des dispersions virales fonctionnalisées - ou pas - mélangées à des polymères non absorbants, et pour établir les diagrammes de phases correspondants.En résumé, nous avons démontré un nouveau moyen efficace de contrôler la structure de fluides complexes par la modifications régio-sélective des particules constituantes.Dispersions of filamentous viruses exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states including nematic, smectic (or lamellar), and columnar phases. Self-organization of these rod-shaped colloidal particles has been shown to map the hard-core behavior for which the interaction potential is purely repulsive. In this thesis, the structural and dynamical properties of rods with highly localized directional attractive interaction (or “patchiness”) between one of the ends of the particles have been studied. Local attraction has been achieved by functionalizing the filamentous virus tips via regioselective grafting hydrophobic fluorescent dyes which act as enthalpic patch. The single tip attraction strength can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We have shown that increasing attraction interaction stabilizes the smectic phase at the cost of nematic phase leaving all other liquid crystalline transitions unchanged. Furthermore, the fluorescent dye molecules on the viral tips enable the observation of liquid crystalline lamellar structures with improved contrast and resolution. In situ visualization of topological defects in the smectic phase such as edge and screw dislocations has been thus performed at the lattice periodicity level. The displacement field around an edge dislocation has been experimentally established and compared to the profile predicted by elastic theory. Screw dislocations have been also evidenced, for which the core size and handedness have been determined.Dynamics of patchy and pristine viruses has been investigated by tracking individual rod displacements. In all liquid crystalline phases, the self-diffusion of patchy rods has been found to be hindered compared to the self-diffusion of pristine rods. Particularly in the smectic phase, patchy rods tend to reside within the layers mainly diffusing in the direction perpendicular to the main virus axis, contrary to pristine rods whose self-diffusion between layers is far more pronounced. This behavior is explained by the higher unidimensional smectic ordering potential experimentally measured in the dispersions of patchy rods compared to that obtained for pristine rods.We have combined both entropic and enthalpic patchinesses by adding non-adsorbing polymers into tip-functionalized viral dispersions. In this case, rod sides act as entropic patchy sites due to attractive depletion interaction between them. Small angle X-ray scattering and optical microscopy techniques have been used to compare the structural and dynamical properties of pristine and tip-functionalized viral dispersions mixed with hydrophilic polymers acting as depletants agent. We have determined and compared the phase diagrams obtained for the two types of virus-polymer systems.In summary, we have demonstrated a new and efficient way to control the structure of complex fluids by implementing site-specific modifications of building blocks

Structure and dynamics of rod-like colloids with patchy interaction

Les dispersions de virus filamenteux présentent une succession d'états cristallins liquides comprenant les phases nématique, smectique (ou lamellaire) et colonnaire. L’auto-organisation de ces particules colloïdales en forme de bâtonnet s’est révélée être essentiellement pilotée par l’entropie dont résulte un potentiel d’interaction entre particules purement répulsif. Dans cette thèse, les propriétés structurales et dynamiques de bâtonnets présentant une interaction attractive directionnelle fortement localisée (interaction dite à « patch ») à l'une des extrémités des particules ont été étudiées. L’interaction attractive locale a été obtenue en fonctionnalisant les extrémités des virus filamenteux par greffage régiosélectif de colorants fluorescents hydrophobes qui jouent le rôle de « patch » enthalpique. La force d'attraction peut être modulée en faisant varier le nombre de molécules de colorant liées. Nous avons montré que cette interaction à « patch » stabilise la phase smectique au détriment de la phase nématique, laissant les autres phases cristallines liquides essentiellement inchangées. En outre, la présence de molécules de colorant fluorescent sur les extrémités des virus permet l'observation de structures lamellaires cristal-liquides avec un contraste et une résolution exacerbés. La visualisation in situ de défauts topologiques en phase smectique, telle des dislocations de type coin et vis, a été réalisée à l'échelle de la périodicité du réseau. Le champ de déplacement autour d’une dislocation coin a été établi expérimentalement et comparé au profil prédit par les théories élastiques. Des dislocations de type vis ont également été mises en évidence, pour lesquelles la taille du cœur et l'helicite ont été déterminées.La dynamique des virus « patchy » et de ceux non fonctionnalisés a été étudiée par suivi temporel du déplacement des particules individuelles en microscopie de fluorescence. Dans toutes les phases cristallines liquides, la diffusion de particules « patchy » s'est avérée être entravée. En particulier dans la phase smectique, les bâtonnets « patchy » ont tendance à résider dans les couches diffusant principalement dans la direction perpendiculaire à l'axe principal du virus, tandis que les bâtonnets non fonctionnalisés présentent une diffusion entre couches beaucoup plus prononcée. Ce comportement peut s’explique par la plus grande valeur du potentiel smectique associé et mesuré expérimentalement dans les deux types de dispersion.Nous avons combiné des effets de « patch » entropique et enthalpique en ajoutant des polymères non-absorbants à la dispersion virale fonctionnalisée. Dans ce cas, les bâtonnets s’auto-assemblent latéralement par déplétion en des clusters. La diffusion de rayons X et la microscopie optique ont été utilisées pour comparer les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des dispersions virales fonctionnalisées - ou pas - mélangées à des polymères non absorbants, et pour établir les diagrammes de phases correspondants.En résumé, nous avons démontré un nouveau moyen efficace de contrôler la structure de fluides complexes par la modifications régio-sélective des particules constituantes.Dispersions of filamentous viruses exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states including nematic, smectic (or lamellar), and columnar phases. Self-organization of these rod-shaped colloidal particles has been shown to map the hard-core behavior for which the interaction potential is purely repulsive. In this thesis, the structural and dynamical properties of rods with highly localized directional attractive interaction (or “patchiness”) between one of the ends of the particles have been studied. Local attraction has been achieved by functionalizing the filamentous virus tips via regioselective grafting hydrophobic fluorescent dyes which act as enthalpic patch. The single tip attraction strength can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We have shown that increasing attraction interaction stabilizes the smectic phase at the cost of nematic phase leaving all other liquid crystalline transitions unchanged. Furthermore, the fluorescent dye molecules on the viral tips enable the observation of liquid crystalline lamellar structures with improved contrast and resolution. In situ visualization of topological defects in the smectic phase such as edge and screw dislocations has been thus performed at the lattice periodicity level. The displacement field around an edge dislocation has been experimentally established and compared to the profile predicted by elastic theory. Screw dislocations have been also evidenced, for which the core size and handedness have been determined.Dynamics of patchy and pristine viruses has been investigated by tracking individual rod displacements. In all liquid crystalline phases, the self-diffusion of patchy rods has been found to be hindered compared to the self-diffusion of pristine rods. Particularly in the smectic phase, patchy rods tend to reside within the layers mainly diffusing in the direction perpendicular to the main virus axis, contrary to pristine rods whose self-diffusion between layers is far more pronounced. This behavior is explained by the higher unidimensional smectic ordering potential experimentally measured in the dispersions of patchy rods compared to that obtained for pristine rods.We have combined both entropic and enthalpic patchinesses by adding non-adsorbing polymers into tip-functionalized viral dispersions. In this case, rod sides act as entropic patchy sites due to attractive depletion interaction between them. Small angle X-ray scattering and optical microscopy techniques have been used to compare the structural and dynamical properties of pristine and tip-functionalized viral dispersions mixed with hydrophilic polymers acting as depletants agent. We have determined and compared the phase diagrams obtained for the two types of virus-polymer systems.In summary, we have demonstrated a new and efficient way to control the structure of complex fluids by implementing site-specific modifications of building blocks

Structure et dynamique des colloïdes en forme de bâtonnets avec une interaction attractive directionnelle

Dispersions of filamentous viruses exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states including nematic, smectic (or lamellar), and columnar phases. Self-organization of these rod-shaped colloidal particles has been shown to map the hard-core behavior for which the interaction potential is purely repulsive. In this thesis, the structural and dynamical properties of rods with highly localized directional attractive interaction (or “patchiness”) between one of the ends of the particles have been studied. Local attraction has been achieved by functionalizing the filamentous virus tips via regioselective grafting hydrophobic fluorescent dyes which act as enthalpic patch. The single tip attraction strength can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We have shown that increasing attraction interaction stabilizes the smectic phase at the cost of nematic phase leaving all other liquid crystalline transitions unchanged. Furthermore, the fluorescent dye molecules on the viral tips enable the observation of liquid crystalline lamellar structures with improved contrast and resolution. In situ visualization of topological defects in the smectic phase such as edge and screw dislocations has been thus performed at the lattice periodicity level. The displacement field around an edge dislocation has been experimentally established and compared to the profile predicted by elastic theory. Screw dislocations have been also evidenced, for which the core size and handedness have been determined.Dynamics of patchy and pristine viruses has been investigated by tracking individual rod displacements. In all liquid crystalline phases, the self-diffusion of patchy rods has been found to be hindered compared to the self-diffusion of pristine rods. Particularly in the smectic phase, patchy rods tend to reside within the layers mainly diffusing in the direction perpendicular to the main virus axis, contrary to pristine rods whose self-diffusion between layers is far more pronounced. This behavior is explained by the higher unidimensional smectic ordering potential experimentally measured in the dispersions of patchy rods compared to that obtained for pristine rods.We have combined both entropic and enthalpic patchinesses by adding non-adsorbing polymers into tip-functionalized viral dispersions. In this case, rod sides act as entropic patchy sites due to attractive depletion interaction between them. Small angle X-ray scattering and optical microscopy techniques have been used to compare the structural and dynamical properties of pristine and tip-functionalized viral dispersions mixed with hydrophilic polymers acting as depletants agent. We have determined and compared the phase diagrams obtained for the two types of virus-polymer systems.In summary, we have demonstrated a new and efficient way to control the structure of complex fluids by implementing site-specific modifications of building blocks.Les dispersions de virus filamenteux présentent une succession d'états cristallins liquides comprenant les phases nématique, smectique (ou lamellaire) et colonnaire. L’auto-organisation de ces particules colloïdales en forme de bâtonnet s’est révélée être essentiellement pilotée par l’entropie dont résulte un potentiel d’interaction entre particules purement répulsif. Dans cette thèse, les propriétés structurales et dynamiques de bâtonnets présentant une interaction attractive directionnelle fortement localisée (interaction dite à « patch ») à l'une des extrémités des particules ont été étudiées. L’interaction attractive locale a été obtenue en fonctionnalisant les extrémités des virus filamenteux par greffage régiosélectif de colorants fluorescents hydrophobes qui jouent le rôle de « patch » enthalpique. La force d'attraction peut être modulée en faisant varier le nombre de molécules de colorant liées. Nous avons montré que cette interaction à « patch » stabilise la phase smectique au détriment de la phase nématique, laissant les autres phases cristallines liquides essentiellement inchangées. En outre, la présence de molécules de colorant fluorescent sur les extrémités des virus permet l'observation de structures lamellaires cristal-liquides avec un contraste et une résolution exacerbés. La visualisation in situ de défauts topologiques en phase smectique, telle des dislocations de type coin et vis, a été réalisée à l'échelle de la périodicité du réseau. Le champ de déplacement autour d’une dislocation coin a été établi expérimentalement et comparé au profil prédit par les théories élastiques. Des dislocations de type vis ont également été mises en évidence, pour lesquelles la taille du cœur et l'helicite ont été déterminées.La dynamique des virus « patchy » et de ceux non fonctionnalisés a été étudiée par suivi temporel du déplacement des particules individuelles en microscopie de fluorescence. Dans toutes les phases cristallines liquides, la diffusion de particules « patchy » s'est avérée être entravée. En particulier dans la phase smectique, les bâtonnets « patchy » ont tendance à résider dans les couches diffusant principalement dans la direction perpendiculaire à l'axe principal du virus, tandis que les bâtonnets non fonctionnalisés présentent une diffusion entre couches beaucoup plus prononcée. Ce comportement peut s’explique par la plus grande valeur du potentiel smectique associé et mesuré expérimentalement dans les deux types de dispersion.Nous avons combiné des effets de « patch » entropique et enthalpique en ajoutant des polymères non-absorbants à la dispersion virale fonctionnalisée. Dans ce cas, les bâtonnets s’auto-assemblent latéralement par déplétion en des clusters. La diffusion de rayons X et la microscopie optique ont été utilisées pour comparer les propriétés structurales et dynamiques des dispersions virales fonctionnalisées - ou pas - mélangées à des polymères non absorbants, et pour établir les diagrammes de phases correspondants.En résumé, nous avons démontré un nouveau moyen efficace de contrôler la structure de fluides complexes par la modifications régio-sélective des particules constituantes

Directing liquid crystalline self-organization of Rodlike particles through tunable attractive single tips

Dispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-core volume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them, resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phase at the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities

Directing liquid crystalline self-organization of rod-like particles through tunable attractive single tips

Dispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-core volume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them, resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phase at the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities

Directing liquid crystalline self-organization of Rodlike particles through tunable attractive single tips

\u3cp\u3eDispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-core volume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them, resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phase at the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities.\u3c/p\u3

Rod-Like Virus-Based Multiarm Colloidal Molecules

We report on the construction of multiarm colloidal molecules by tip-linking filamentous bacteriophages, functionalized either by biological engineering or chemical conjugation. The affinity for streptavidin of a genetically modified vector phage displaying Strep-tags fused to one end of the viral particle is measured by determining the dissociation constant, <i>K</i>_d. In order to improve both the colloidal stability and the efficiency of the self-assembly process, a biotinylation protocol having a chemical yield higher than 90% is presented to regioselectively functionalize the cystein residues located at one end of the bacteriophages. For both viral systems, a theoretical comparison is performed by developing a quantitative model of the self-assembly and interaction of the modified viruses with streptavidin compounds, which accurately accounts for our experimental results. Multiarm colloidal structures of different valencies are then produced by conjugation of these tip-functionalized viruses with streptavidin activated nanoparticles. We succeed to form stable virus-based colloidal molecules, whose number of arms, called valency, is solely controlled by tuning the molar excess. Thanks to a fluorescent labeling of the viral arms, the dynamics of such systems is also presented in real time by fluorescence microscopy

Directing liquid crystalline self-organization of rod-like particles through tunable attractive single tips

Dispersions of rodlike colloidal particles exhibit a plethora of liquid crystalline states, including nematic, smectic A, smectic B, and columnar phases. This phase behavior can be explained by presuming the predominance of hard-core volume exclusion between the particles. We show here how the self-organization of rodlike colloids can be controlled by introducing a weak and highly localized directional attractive interaction between one of the ends of the particles. This has been performed by functionalizing the tips of filamentous viruses by means of regioselectively grafting fluorescent dyes onto them, resulting in a hydrophobic patch whose attraction can be tuned by varying the number of bound dye molecules. We show, in agreement with our computer simulations, that increasing the single tip attraction stabilizes the smectic phase at the expense of the nematic phase, leaving all other liquid crystalline phases invariant. For a sufficiently strong tip attraction, the nematic state may be suppressed completely to get a direct isotropic liquid-to-smectic phase transition. Our findings provide insights into the rational design of building blocks for functional structures formed at low densities