Reserved Seats on Japan\u27s Supreme Court

The Article examines the decision on the allocation of seats to private attorneys and scholars in the Japanese Supreme Court. It outlines the reallocation of reserved seats during the term of Chief Justice Ishida Kazuto from 1969 to 1973. It stresses the institutionalization of an appointment pattern designed to limit the individual rights declared in the Japanese Constitution

Limited Partnership—Limited Control Through a Corporate General Partner—Frigidaire Sales Corp. v. Union Properties, Inc., 88 Wn. 2d 400, 562 P.2d 244 (1977)

Plaintiff entered into a contract to sell appliances to a limited partnership. The contract was signed on behalf of the limited partnership by two officers of its corporate general partner. The officers each owned fifty percent of the outstanding shares of the corporation. In addition, they each held a limited partner\u27s unit in the limited partnership. When the partnership failed to pay installments due, plaintiff brought an action against the corporate general partner and against its two officers as individuals. The assertion of personal liability was based on a provision of the limited partnership statute under which limited partners may be regarded as general partners with general liability if it is shown that they have taken part in control of the partnership. Held, when limited partners control the day-to-day business operations of a limited partnership through their positions as officers of the corporate general partner, such control does not produce personal liability for the debts of the partnership. Frigidaire Sales Corp. v. Union Properties, Inc., 88 Wn. 2d 400, 562 P.2d 244 (1977)

Unifying chemical and biological perspectives of carbon accumulation in the environment

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Repeta, D. J. Unifying chemical and biological perspectives of carbon accumulation in the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118(11), (2021); e2100935118, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100935118.Heterotrophic microorganisms are fiendishly clever at degrading all shapes and sizes of organic compounds to extract the energy they need to build biomass. Every year marine phytoplankton fix ∼50 billion tons of carbon dioxide into organic matter, and every year marine heterotrophs respire nearly all of this organic matter back to carbon dioxide (1). Nearly all, but not all. With each spin of this carbon cycle, a small amount of organic matter escapes respiration and becomes sequestered in seawater, sediments, and soils. Over time, this small “leak” in the system leads to the accumulation of a vast reservoir of carbon; some 5 × 1019 kg of organic matter are thought to be sequestered in sedimentary rocks (2). This carbon sequestration has immense consequences for life on Earth, as illustrated by the change in climate we are now experiencing due in part to the transfer of a minute portion of this inventory from geologic reservoirs into the atmosphere

Transformations of carotenoids in the oceanic water column

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution August 1982In an effort to understand the more general mechanisms and rates of pre-depositional reactions that transform organic matter, the types and relevant time scales of reactions that transform carotenoid pigments in the oceanic water column were studied. Suspended particulate matter collected from surface waters of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts and the Peru upwelling system has a carotenoid distribution reflecting the phytoplanktonic source of the material. The carotenoid distribution of sediment trap samples collected in these same areas was dominated by transformation products. Fucoxanthin, the primary carotenoid of marine diatoms, typically constituted 77-100% of the total fucopigments in suspended particulate material. In sediment trap samples this pigment constituted only 4-85% of the total. The remaining 15-96% of the pigments consisted of the fucoxanthin transformations products: free alcohols (2-94%), dehydrates (0-6%), and opened epoxides (0-19%). Preliminary results suggest that carotenoid esters are hydrolyzed to free alcohols at a rate determined by the turnover of primary productivity. The dehydrated and epoxide opened intermediates of fucoxanthin represent products of transformation reactions that operate over much longer time scales (0.1-10 yrs). Dehydration and epoxide opening are not significant water column transformations, but are important in surface sediments.This research was supported by the Ocean Sciences Section, National Science Foundation grants OCE 79-25352 and OCE 81-18436, the Office of Naval Research Contract N00014-74-Co-262NR 083-004, the Woods Hole Coastal Research Center project 25 000067 04, and a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Student Fellowship

Quantitative evaluation of quality of flexographic imprints by means of fuzzy logic

The article is devoted to the quantitative evaluation of quality of flexographic prints on polymer films. Based on the conducted analysis, we have set the key parameters of quality imprints, such as color difference, reproduction of a minimum raster dot, ink adhesion to the substrate, image positioning. In accordance with the known terms, the fuzzy knowledge base of parameters of imprints quality with the performance of the condition “if-then” has been formed. Based on this knowledge base, fuzzy logic equations of calculation of imprints quality options have been built and defuzzification by the method “center of gravity” has allowed to get the quantitative parameter of imprints quality that is the result of keeping to the relevant modes of flexographic printing process