Codes of Fair Competition: The National Recovery Act, 1933-1935, and the Women’s Dress Manufacturing Industry

Controversial issues prevalent in today’s ready-to-wear apparel industry include the right of workers to join unions, the proliferation of sweatshops and sweatshop conditions, and design piracy. The idea of forming codes of conduct to establish criteria of ethical business practices is not new to the apparel industry. Indeed, the women’s dress manufacturing industry discussed and debated codes of fair competition under the New Deal Policies of the National Recovery Act (NRA) of 1933 to 1935. Primary sources for this study included governmental hearings in the establishment of the NRA Dress Code, The New York Times, Women’s Wear Daily, and the Journal of the Patent Office Society. The history of the NRA codes implemented in the U.S. women’s ready-to-wear apparel industry provides an important case study highlighting the difficulties and complexities of creating and achieving industry-wide standard practices through self-regulation. The failure of the NRA demonstrates that even with the joint cooperation of industry, labor, and consumer groups and the backing of the force of law, codes of fair competition proved impossible to enforce

GaAs microwave power HBTs for mobile communications

A I W output power (2.8 W/mm) GaAs-based HBT with more than 56 % power added efficiency at 3 V operating bias for use in mobile communications is described. Device layout and technology are optimized to obtain high microwave performance with low thermal resistance and compact chip size. The fabricated sub-cell power HBTs with 3x30 urn2 emitter area yield a maximum current gain of 90 with fmax > 100 GHz. The power cell HBT, which has 12x3x30 um2 emitter area exhibits 3 W (8.4 W/mm) output power and 70 % power added efficiency at VCE=8 V while maintaining high performance at low supply bias of 3 V