Examining Signatures of Natural Selection in Antifungal Resistance Genes Across Aspergillus Fungi

Certain Aspergillus fungi cause aspergillosis, a set of diseases that typically affect immunocompromised individuals. Most cases of aspergillosis are caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, which infects millions of people annually. Some closely related so-called cryptic species, such as Aspergillus lentulus, can also cause aspergillosis, albeit at lower frequencies, and they are also clinically relevant. Few antifungal drugs are currently available for treating aspergillosis and there is increasing worldwide concern about the presence of antifungal drug resistance in Aspergillus species. Furthermore, isolates from both A. fumigatus and other Aspergillus pathogens exhibit substantial heterogeneity in their antifungal drug resistance profiles. To gain insights into the evolution of antifungal drug resistance genes in Aspergillus, we investigated signatures of positive selection in 41 genes known to be involved in drug resistance across 42 susceptible and resistant isolates from 12 Aspergillus section Fumigati species. Using codon-based site models of sequence evolution, we identified ten genes that contain 43 sites with signatures of ancient positive selection across our set of species. None of the sites that have experienced positive selection overlap with sites previously reported to be involved in drug resistance. These results identify sites that likely experienced ancient positive selection in Aspergillus genes involved in resistance to antifungal drugs and suggest that historical selective pressures on these genes likely differ from any current selective pressures imposed by antifungal drugs.RS was supported by the Brazilian São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grant numbers 2017/21983-3 and 2019/07526-4. JS and AR are supported by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute through the James H. Gilliam Fellowships for Advanced Study Program. AR’s laboratory received additional support from a Discovery grant from Vanderbilt University, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund, the National Science Foundation (DEB-1442113), and the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R56AI146096). GHG was supported by FAPESP (2016/07870-9) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq).S

Predicted and Seasonal Dynamics of Hedgerow Olive Orchard Water use in Response to Applied Water

Olive trees are usually irrigated in southern Portugal and given the area devoted to this perennial crop it represents a large demand on regional water resources. Several very intensive hedgerow (1700 to 2000 trees per ha) orchards have recently been established in the region to take advantage of the European Commission decision of allowing the expansion of Portuguese olive tree planting quota. With enhanced olive production and yield depending on irrigation, a precise estimation of transpiration (Ep) under non-limiting conditions is required to set up the upper limit of irrigation requirements and chart deficit irrigation water use. A distinct feature of Ep of olives is the tight coupling to the atmosphere, modulated by canopy conductance and vapour pressure deficit. For the hedgerow (cv. Arbequina) olive orchard of this study this was evaluated in 2012 by predicting daily Ep with the Penman-Monteith ’big leaf’ equation coupled to the Orgaz et al. (2007) model of bulk daily canopy conductance (Gc) for unstressed canopies (PM-model). Dynamics of predicted Ep were compared to daily Ep field values obtained from sap velocity data from a regulated deficit irrigation (treatment A) and a sustained deficit irrigation (treatment B). Daily Ep at the stand scale (mm/day) was obtained by dividing tree transpiration by the area of tree planting (3.75 × 1.35m). Tree rows were supplied with water by a single drip irrigation line serviced by 2.3 (treatment A) and 1.6 l h!1 (treatment B) emitters, respectively, spaced 0.75 m apart throughout the entire length of the emitter row lines. The PM-model effectively simulated and traced out the seasonal variability of Ep, validating the model’s applicability to hedgerow orchards in southern Portugal. Results show that transpiration of treatment A trees was not limited by water availability except at pit hardening, from end of June to the end of July, when the regulated deficit was applied as convenient for this low sensitive period to water stress. Conversely, tree transpiration of treatment B was limited by water availability throughout the irrigation season, from mid June to the end of September. Evolution of midday stem water potential and stom- atal conductance corroborated the seasonal dynamics of Ep for both treatments, suggesting a good irrigation supply for treatment A and a sustained deficit irrigation for treatment B. A total of 296 mm of irrigation water was applied to treatment A (1st June to September 30th) for an equivalent amount of 206 mm to treatment B. Cumulative tree Ep for the same period and treatment was 320 and 185 mm, respectively, while rainfall was 29.4 mm. The 30% difference in irrigation water application resulted in stem leaf water (ψst) differences between treatments. Also from June onward, treatment B midday leaf stomatal conductance (gs) quickly declined to lower values then treatment A, never re- covering and stayed rather flat and low throughout September. Results seem to indicate that the PM equation coupled to the Orgaz et al. (2007) model of bulk daily canopy conductance is capable of predicting irrigation requirements for unstressed olive canopies. Furthermore, in association with continuous tree sap flow velocity measurements, it can be used to set up the upper limit of irrigation requirements and chart deficit irrigation applications in hedgerow olive orchards of cv. Arbequina in southern Portugal

Seven Possible Characteristics of the Education 4.0 Teacher

Background: In the current context, numerous technologies are available, and access to information is facilitated to all who have access to the Internet. Education 4.0 emerged as a response to the need to meet the demands that will undoubtedly arise with the way society has been developing in the direction of the so-called Innovation Society. Objectives: The objective of this work was to elaborate a model of the Education 4.0 teacher, integrating Siemens’ Connectivist Theory with Papert’s Constructionism. Design: The methodology used here consisted of the textual analysis of the primary sources of Siemens’ Connectivist proposal and Papert’s Constructionism, aiming to identify characteristics that can lead the teacher of Education 4.0. Environment and participants: The primary sources of Siemens’ Connectivist proposal and Papert’s Constructionism, as it is a bibliographic theoretical study. Data collection and analysis: Data were collected from the mentioned primary sources and analysed by textual analysis. Results: As a result, seven possible characteristics of the Education 4.0 teacher were identified: Mediator, Researcher, Adaptive, Mentor, Apprentice, Bricoleur, and Self-reflective. However, the survey carried out by digital means with 30 active and non-active teachers revealed that 53.3% were unaware of the concept of Education 4.0. Conclusions: It was concluded that teachers need continuing education courses to develop the pedagogical praxis of education 4.0

WORKSHOP NACIONAL “INVESTIGAÇÃO EM OLIVICULTURA E AZEITE - RESULTADOS E APLICAÇÕES

Workshop Nacional “Investigação em Olivicultura e Azeite – Resultados e Aplicações” De 27-06-2013, 09:00 a 28-06-2013 Sala de Conferências do Pólo da Mitra da Universidade de Évora O Workshop Nacional dedicado ao tema “Investigação em Olivicultura e Azeite – Resultados e Aplicações” realizou-se nos dias 27 e 28 de junho de 2013. Pretendeu-se com este evento, dirigido a produtores, técnicos, e todos os interessados, divulgar os resultados obtidos no âmbito de projetos de investigação em curso em Portugal na área da Olivicultura e Azeite, com especial ênfase nas potenciais aplicações e contribuições para o desenvolvimento do setor. As sessões incidiram nos seguintes temas Sistemas e Técnicas Culturais Recursos Genéticos e Melhoramento Proteção Fitossanitária Tecnologia e Qualidade do Azeite Apresentações Tema 1 - Sistemas e Técnicas Culturais Múltiplos olhares sobre a transpiração do olival - Francisco Lúcio dos Santos Gestão de cobertos vegetais de leguminosas anuais de ressementeira natural em olival - Manuel Ângelo Rodrigues Mecanização do Olival - soluções e novos desafios - Arlindo de Almeida Máquina para a Colheita em Contínuo de Azeitona - António Bento Dias Influência de diferentes regimes hídricos no uso e na eficiência do uso da água, produção e qualidade do azeite - Anabela Silva Medidas de prevenção e mitigação dos impactos da seca no olival de sequeiro: efeitos da rega sustentável e de coberturas vegetais - Eunice Bacelar Contribuição do COTR para o uso eficiente da água na rega do olival - Luís Boteta Tema 2 - Recursos Genéticos e Melhoramentos A diversidade genética da mosca-da-azeitona na bacia mediterrânica - Luís Teixeira Evolução dos primeiros estados fenológicos em oliveira - diversidade intervarietal e alterações climáticas - António Cordeiro Variabilidade genética e química - implicações na rastreabilidade de azeites - Paula Lopes Tema 3 - Protecção Fitossanitária A elevada incidência de vírus em olivais nacionais: causas e consequências - Rosário Félix Como proceder para fertilizar racionalmente o olival - Pedro Jordão Avaliação de Genótipos de Olea europaea vs Infecção de Colletotrichum acutatum - Teresa Carvalho Isolamento e seleção de fungos endofíticos da oliveira para luta biológica contra Colletotrichum acutatum e Verticillium dahliae - Paula Batista A utilização de indicadores biológicos como ferramentas para avaliar o impacte de práticas agrícolas na sustentabilidade do olival - Sónia Santos Proteção contra pragas da oliveira: fomento da ação dos inimigos naturais pelo estabelecimento da flora autóctone - Albino Bento Fungos entomopatogénicos em pragas da oliveira: isolamento, caracterização e selecção para controlo biológico - Paula Batista Tema 4 - Tecnologia e Qualidade Redefinição da Denominação de Origem Protegida “Azeite de Trás-os-Montes” e criação da Denominação de Origem Protegida “Azeite do Douro” - Ricardo Malheiro Azeitonas de mesa do nordeste de Portugal - contributo para a sua caraterização e promoção - Nuno Rodrigues ÁCIDOS GORDOS E POLIFENÓIS EM AZEITE VIRGEM - Isabel Baer Influência da rega na produção e qualidade de azeites produzidos em olivais intensivos (cv. Cobrançosa) e em olivais em sebe (cv. Arbequina) - Mariana Mota Efeito do processamento culinário na composição nutricional e química de azeites portugueses - Susana Casal A Arte do Azeite - Ana Carrilho O Azeite Português na Economia Global: Oportunidades e desafios - Teresa Zacarias Comissão Organizadora: Adélia Sousa, Grupo ASC do ICAAM António Bento Dias, Grupo CTV do ICAAM Fernando Rei, Grupo CTV do ICAAM Francisco Lúcio dos Santos, Grupo ASC do ICAAM-coordenador Raquel Garcia, Grupo CTV do ICAAM Renato Coelho, Grupo CTV do ICAAM Joana Perdigão, UDIT-ICAA

Phage mediated horizontal transfer of the sopE1 gene increases enteropathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium for calves

Epidemiological evidence shows that the sopE1 gene is associated with Salmonella Typhimurium phage types causing epidemics in cattle. In this study we demonstrate that horizontal transfer of the sopE1 gene by lysogenic conversion with the SopEΦ increased enteropathogenicity of S. Typhimurium in the bovine ligated ileal loop model. These data support the hypothesis that phage mediated horizontal transfer of the sopE1 gene contributes to the emergence of epidemic cattle-associated S. Typhimurium clone

Water use, transpiration and crop coefficients for irrigated hedgerow olives grown in Southern Portugal

Olive trees are well adapted to the Mediterranean-type agro-ecosystems of southern Portugal and have traditionally been cultivated in areas with no irrigation. According to the 2009 agricultural census, the olive tree cultivation area was around 336,000 ha, of which 164,000 ha are in the southern province of Alentejo. In this southern region of semi arid Mediterranean climate where the erratic annual precipitation of around 300 to 550 mm is not enough to fulfil crop water requirements when needed, summer irrigation is a necessity to prevent crop water stress and ensure profitable yields. Hundreds of high and also very high tree-density hedgerow orchards of the Spanish cultivar Arbequina have recently been established in the region to take advantage of the European Commission decision 2000/406/CE (Official Journal L 154, 27/06/2000 P. 0033-0033) that allowed the expansion of Portuguese olive tree planting quota to 30,000 ha of new orchards. With enhanced olive production and yield depending on irrigation water supply and management, estimating hedgerow olive orchard water uptake in southern Portugal and appropriately scheduling irrigation have since been the primary concern of researchers, farmers and water resources managers. The objective of this study was to establish relationships between olive transpiration and crop transpiration coefficients of very high tree-density hedgerow orchard grown in Alentejo under well-irrigated treatment A (3.05 mm d-1) and sustained deficit irrigation treatment B (2.12 mm d-1) regimes, to understand and improve their irrigation management. On both treatments, daily transpiration at the stand scale (mm day-1) was obtained by sap flow and by dividing the tree transpiration by the area of the planting pattern. The results were compared to the daily outputs obtained with the Penman-Monteith “big leaf” equation coupled with the Orgaz et al. (2007) specific model of bulk daily canopy conductance (Gc) for unstressed olive canopies. With the Willmott index of agreement IA and the root-mean-square error RMSE above 0.8 and below 0.4 mm d-1, respectively (Willmott, 1982), the synthetic model proved sufficiently precise to be used as an appropriate simulation tool for predicting olive stand transpiration for the region. Crop and stress transpiration coefficients were proposed for both treatments