A Measure of Obesity: BMI versus Subcutaneous Fat Patterns in Young Athletes and Nonathletes

Although the body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) is widely used as a surrogate measure of adiposity, it is a measure of excess weight, rather than excess body fat, relative to height. The BMI classification system is derived from cut points obtained from the general population. The influence of large muscle mass on BMI in athletes and young adults may misclassify these individuals as overweight and obese. Therefore, the use of subcutaneous adipose tissue topography (SAT-Top) may be more effective than BMI in assessing obesity in physically active people and young adults. The purposes of this study were 1) to describe the relationship between the BMI and SAT-Top of young athletes and nonathletes, and 2) to determine the accuracy of the BMI as a measure of overweight. Height, weight, BMI and SAT-Top were determined in 64 males (25.0±6.7) and 42 females (24.8±7.0), who were subsequently separated into two even groups (athletes and nonathletes). The optical Lipometer device was applied to measure the thickness of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT).While BMI was similar, male athletes showed a 50.3% lower total SAT thickness compared to their male nonathlete controls. Even though female athletes had significantly higher BMI and weight scores, their total SAT thickness was 34.9% lower than their nonathlete controls. These results suggest subcutaneous fat patterns are a better screening tool to characterize fatness in physically active young people

Differences in serum magnesium levels in diabetic and non-diabetic patients following one-anastomosis gastric bypass

Patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are regarded to have reduced serum magnesium (Mg) concentrations. We aimed to assess the changes in serum Mg concentrations at 12-month follow-up in patients, with and without T2DM, who underwent one anastomosis gastric bypass surgery. Overall, 50 patients (80% female, age 42.2 (12.5) years) with morbid obesity (mean baseline BMI 43.8 (4.3) kg/m2) were included in the analysis. Half of the included patients had T2DM diagnosed at baseline, and these patients showed lower serum Mg concentration (0.78 (0.07)) vs. 0.83 (0.05) mmol/L; p = 0.006), higher blood glucose levels (129.9 (41.3) vs. 87.6 (8.1) mg/dL; p < 0.001) as well as HbA1c concentrations (6.7 (1.4) vs. 5.3 (0.5)%; p < 0.001). During follow-up, BMI and glucose levels showed a decrease; however, serum Mg levels remained stable. At baseline 42% of patients were found to be Mg deficient, which was reduced to 33% at six months and to 30% at 12 months follow-up. Moreover, patients with T2DM had an odds ratio of 9.5 (95% CI = 3.0–29.7; p < 0.001) for magnesium deficiency when compared to patients without T2DM. Further research into the role of Mg and its role in T2DM and other obesity-related comorbidities are needed

Long-Term Weight-Loss Maintenance by a Meal Replacement Based Weight Management Program in Primary Care

Objective: Structured obesity treatment programs at primary care level are becoming increasingly important. However, evidence from current treatment approaches in the long term is lacking. In view of this fact we evaluated a standardized, meal replacement-based weight loss program (myLINE®; AENGUS, Graz, Austria) according to the currently applicable guidelines. Methods: Data of overweight and obese individuals (n = 70) who participated at least 36 months in the program were analyzed. Data were collected at baseline (T0) as well as after 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 36 (T1-T36) months. Body composition was measured by conventional anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results: Compared to T0, a maximum weight, BMI, fat mass, absolute body cell mass (BCM) reduction and an increase of relative BCM could be seen at T6. Subsequently, the findings reveal a significant reduction of body weight and body fat and a satisfying development of body cell mass during the observation period of 36 months. Conclusion: The evaluated program complies with national and international guidelines for the therapy of obesity in adults and is efficient and meaningful for a long-term therapeutic use in primary care.

Area indices and optimal cut-off values obtained from ROC curve analysis for height, weight, BMI, 15 specified SAT-layers, 4 Compartments, Total SAT, and TBF% of 32 male athletes and 32 male non-athletes.

1<p>There are two possible hypotheses (H₀): that either small/large values provide stronger evidence for positivity.</p>2<p>Optimal cut-off value estimated by Youden-Index (Youden, 1950).</p>3<p>Not significant (p>0.05).</p>4<p>SAT thickness of 15 body sites in mm.</p>5<p>Body sites biceps+triceps.</p>6<p>Body sites front thigh+lateral thigh+rear thigh+inner thigh+calf.</p>7<p>Body sites upper abdomen+lower abdomen+lower back+hip.</p>8<p>Body sites neck+upper back+lateral chest+front chest.</p>9<p>Body sites 1–15.</p

Receiver-operator characteristics (ROC) curve for BMI, neck measurement site and trunk compartment of men.

<p>The curve describes the association between sensitivity and specificity at different thresholds. ROC curves that approach the upper leftmost corner represent highly accurate classifiers.</p

Changes in Bone Mineral Density Following Weight Loss Induced by One-Anastomosis Gastric Bypass in Patients with Vitamin D Supplementation

Background Little is known about changes in bone mineral density (BMD) following weight loss after one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) and the role of serum vitamin D and its supplementation on bone metabolism. We evaluated BMD after OAGB as a function of vitamin D supplementation with respect to a minimum threshold of 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentration, which could prevent or decelerate an eventual bone loss. Methods Fifty bariatric patients who participated in the randomized controlled trial were included in this analysis. BMD and anthropometric measurements by DXA and laboratory parameters were assessed before (T0), at 6 (T6), and 12 months (T12) after surgery. Results OAGB resulted in a 36% total body weight loss with a decrease in body fat and an increase in lean body mass. A significant decrease in BMD was seen in lumbar spine by 7%, left hip 13%, and total body 1%, but not in forearm. Bone turnover markers increased significantly but with normal parathyroid hormone concentrations. Weight loss was not associated with changes in BMD. A serum 25(OH)D concentration>50 nmol/l at T6 and T12 (adequate-vitamin-D-group; AVD) showed a significant lower bone loss, compared to the inadequate-vitamin-D-group (IVD; <50 nmol/l). Lower bone loss in the left hip showed a strong correlation with higher 25(OH)D concentrations (r=0.635, p=0.003). Conclusion These findings support a dose effect of vitamin D supplementation on bone health and suggest that 25(OH)D concentrations need to be above 50 nmol/l at least during the first postoperative year to decelerate bone loss in patients undergoing OAGB.(VLID)359964