Indicadores ambientais para gestão de resíduos aeroportuários e sua aplicação no Aeroporto Internacional do Rio de Janeiro Tom Jobim - RIOgaleão

Orientador : Prof. Msc. Saulo KarvatMonografia (especialização) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Curso de Especialização em Direito AmbientalInclui referênciasResumo : Este trabalho apresenta informações metodológicas e bases de dados relacionados a geração de resíduos sólidos, tipologias e disposição associada a aeroportos. Considerando o contexto atual de valorização da questão ambiental, o objetivo principal desse estudo foi o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de indicadores para avaliação da gestão de resíduos sólidos em aeroportos. Como resultado, foram criados 19 indicadores relacionados a geração, armazenamento, transporte, coleta e disposição final. Esses indicadores foram aplicados no aeroporto Internacional do Rio de Janeiro Tom Jobim-RIO galeão, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, para avaliar o seu gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos. O resultado obtido nesse estudo foi a performance de 3,4, em uma escala de um a quatro, caracterizada como satisfatória. Posteriormente, as principais fragilidades na gestão de resíduos sólidos foram analisadas, assim como foram identificadas boas práticas e soluções. Dentre as estratégias de manejo sugeridas, destacam-se adequações na área de tratamento de resíduos, tratamento de passivos ambientaise melhoria qualitativa da coleta seletiva

Importance of in situ conservation of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. in cerrado fragments of rural private properties

A espécie arbórea Copaifera langsdorffii foi utilizada como modelo de estudo para manutenção da estrutura demográfica, diversidade genética e do fluxo gênico aparente entre as Unidades de Conservação (UCs) e em propriedades particulares rurais (PPRs) no cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, utilizou-se oito locos microssatélites nucleares específicos de C. langsdorffii; e foram mapeados, mensurados e genotipados ao todo 400 indivíduos com DAP 5 cm em quatro áreas nas cidades de Assis, Itirapina e Brotas. Em Assis foram amostrados 100 indivíduos na Estação Ecológica de Assis (EEA) e 100 indivíduos em uma PPR a 13 km de distância da EEA. Em Itirapina 100 indivíduos foram amostrados na Estação Ecológica de Itirapina (EEI) e 100 indivíduos numa PPR em Brotas a 24 km de distância da EEI. As populações em propriedade particulares rurais e unidades de conservação apresentaram alta diversidade genética. Contudo as PPRs tiveram um número maior de alelos exclusivos do que as UCs, indicando que as populações nas PPRs necessitam urgentemente de planos de manejo para conservar esses alelos exclusivos que podem conferir às populações do cerrado vantagens adaptativas. Todas as populações apresentaram fraca estrutura genética espacial, porém significativa por volta de 20 m de distância, indicando uma dispersão restrita de sementes. Foi observado nas populações analisadas um alto índice de fixação que, provavelmente, deve-se à sobreposição de gerações. A estimativa do tamanho efetivo das populações sugere que tanto as UCs quanto as PPRs têm área mínima viável para a conservação in situ das respectivas populações. A divergência genética entre as populações foi alta segundo o estimador \' ST G e o fluxo gênico aparente entre as UCs e PPRs foi baixo, sendo insuficiente para contrapor os efeitos da deriva genética. A alta porcentagem de alelos raros encontrados nas populações, provavelmente, evidencia o comprometimento das mesmas com a perda de diversidade genética, através da deriva genética. É fundamental a conservação de remanescentes de cerrado em áreas particulares rurais, para que seja mantida a manutenção do potencial evolutivo da espécie no longo prazo. A C. langsdorffii mostrou-se ser uma espécie eficiente para estudos comparativos em áreas de cerrado, provavelmente devido à sua ampla abrangência e alta densidade populacional.The tree species Copaifera langsdorffii was used as a model for maintaining the population structure, genetic diversity and gene flow between Protected Areas (PAs) and Rural Private Properties (RPPs) in the cerrado of São Paulo State. For this purpose, eight nuclear microsatellite loci specific of C. langsdorffii were used, and altogether 400 individuals were mapped, measured and genotyped with DHB 5 cm in four areas in the municipalities of Assis, Itirapina and Brotas. In Assis, 100 individuals were sampled at the Assis Ecological Station (AES) and 100 individuals in a RPP 13 km away from the EEA. In Itirapina 100 individuals were collected at the Itirapina Ecological Station (IES) and 100 individuals in a RPP in Brotas 24 km away from the IES. The populations in RPPs and PAs showed high genetic diversity. However the RPPs had a greater number of exclusive alleles than the PAs, indicating that the populations of RPPs are in urgent need of management plans to conserve such alleles, which can confer to the populations of cerrado adaptive advantages. All populations showed weak spatial genetic structure, but significant around 20 m away, indicating a restricted dispersal of seeds. It was observed in the populations analyzed a high fixation rate which is probably due to the overlapping of generations. The estimated effective size of populations suggests that both PAs and RPPs have minimum viable area for in situ conservation of their populations. The genetic divergence among populations was high according to estimator \' ST G and the apparent gene flow between PAs and RPPs was low, insufficient to counteract the effects of genetic drift. The high percentage of rare alleles found in populations probably demonstrates the compromising condition of the populations with loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift. The conservation of cerrado fragments in rural private properties is essential to ensure the evolutionary potential of species in the long term. C. langsdorffii proved to be an efficient species for comparative studies in cerrado areas, probably due to its wide coverage and high population density

Genetic structure and diversity of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. in Cerrado fragments of the São Paulo State, Brazil

The loss of large areas of Cerrado (Brazilian savanna) in Brazil can lead to reduced biodiversity and to the extinction of species. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the genetic fragility of populations of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf exposed to different anthropic conditions in fragments of Cerrado in the state of São Paulo. The study was carried out in two Experimental Stations operated by the Forest Institute (Assis and Itirapina), in one fully protected conservation unit (Pedregulho) and in one private property (Brotas). Analyses were conducted using leaf samples from 353 adult specimens and eight pairs of microsatellite loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 13 to 15 in all populations, but the mean number of effective alleles was approximately half this value (7.2 to 9-1). Observed heterozygosity was significant and lower than the expected in all populations. Consequently, all populations deviated from Hardy-Weinberg expected frequencies. Fixation indexes were significant for all populations, with the Pedregulho population having the lowest value (0.189) and Itirapina having the highest (0.283). The analysis of spatial genetic structure detected family structures at distance classes of 20 to 65 m in the populations studied. No clones were detected in the populations. Estimates of effective population size were low, but the area occupied by each population studied was large enough for conservation, medium and long term. Recent reductions or bottlenecks were detected in all four populations. Mean Gst’ (genetic divergence) indicated that most of the variation was within populations. Cluster structure analysis based on the genotypes detected K= 4 clusters with distinct allele frequencies patterns. The genetic differentiation observed among populations is consistent with the hypothesis of genetic and geographic isolation. Therefore, it is essential to adopt conservation strategies that raise the gene flow between fragments

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSATELLITE MARKERS FOR QUALEA GRANDIFLORA (VOCHYSIACEAE), A TYPICAL SPECIES OF THE BRAZILIAN CERRADO

Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were developed to investigate genetic diversity and population structure of Qualea grandiflora, a typical species of the Brazilian cerrado. Methods and Results: Eight microsatellite loci were isolated using an enrichment cloning protocol. These loci were tested on a population of 110 individuals of Q. grandiflora collected from a cerrado fragment in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The loci polymorphism ranges from seven to 19 alleles and the average heterozygosity value is 0.568, while the average polymorphic information content is 0.799. Conclusions: The developed markers were found to be highly polymorphic, indicating their applicability to studies of population genetic diversity in Q. grandifloraFundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP)Fundacao de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Sao Paulo (FAPESP

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS: a data set of bird morphological traits from the Atlantic forests of South America

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS

Scientists have long been trying to understand why the Neotropical region holds the highest diversity of birds on Earth. Recently, there has been increased interest in morphological variation between and within species, and in how climate, topography, and anthropogenic pressures may explain and affect phenotypic variation. Because morphological data are not always available for many species at the local or regional scale, we are limited in our understanding of intra- and interspecies spatial morphological variation. Here, we present the ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS, a data set that includes measurements of up to 44 morphological traits in 67,197 bird records from 2,790 populations distributed throughout the Atlantic forests of South America. This data set comprises information, compiled over two centuries (1820–2018), for 711 bird species, which represent 80% of all known bird diversity in the Atlantic Forest. Among the most commonly reported traits are sex (n = 65,717), age (n = 63,852), body mass (n = 58,768), flight molt presence (n = 44,941), molt presence (n = 44,847), body molt presence (n = 44,606), tail length (n = 43,005), reproductive stage (n = 42,588), bill length (n = 37,409), body length (n = 28,394), right wing length (n = 21,950), tarsus length (n = 20,342), and wing length (n = 18,071). The most frequently recorded species are Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 1,837), Turdus albicollis (n = 1,658), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 1,468), Turdus leucomelas (n = 1,436), and Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 1,384). The species recorded in the greatest number of sampling localities are Basileuterus culicivorus (n = 243), Trichothraupis melanops (n = 242), Chiroxiphia caudata (n = 210), Platyrinchus mystaceus (n = 208), and Turdus rufiventris (n = 191). ATLANTIC BIRD TRAITS (ABT) is the most comprehensive data set on measurements of bird morphological traits found in a biodiversity hotspot; it provides data for basic and applied research at multiple scales, from individual to community, and from the local to the macroecological perspectives. No copyright or proprietary restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications or teaching and educational activities. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data