Effect of particle size of chias seeds on bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion

Chia seeds have a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), dietary fiber, and phenolic compounds considered to have health-promoting effects. Structural properties such as botanical integrity and particle size can affect the stability, extractability, and the availability of bioactive compounds for uptake in the gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the study was to compare the release and estimate the bioaccessibility of PUFAs and phenolic compounds during in vitro digestion of chia seeds with different particle size. The effects of temperature (23.0, 5.0, and −18.0\ub0C) and period of storage (0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days) of milled chia seeds were also evaluated by comparing lipid autoxidation products, but significant differences werenot detected. The extractability of phenolic compounds and PUFAs were higher in chia flour with smaller particle size than in samples with larger particle size and whole chia seeds. Nevertheless, chia seeds that were included in the study serve as a richer source of omega-3 and phenolic compounds than traditional cereal crops

CURCUMINA E ANÁLOGOS SINTÉTICOS: POSSÍVEIS SUPLEMENTOS ALIMENTARES PARA ATUAÇÃO EM ALTERAÇÕES OXIDATIVAS DE DIABÉTICOS

Reactive species are continually being produced by the body, but when they exceed the antioxidant defence capacity generate a condition known as oxidative stress, being related to several chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Such disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, resulting in metabolic imbalance and tissue damage. Thus, the appearance of such disease is highly correlated to population’s lifestyle and dietary habits, being of great interest the search for dietary supplements that may also act by preventing or decreasing oxidative changes in diabetic subjects. In this context, dietary supplements consisting of antioxidants are a very efficient protection to fight oxidative stress and, hence, diabetes and its complications. In this way, it stands out then, the well-known antioxidant activity shown by curcumin, as well as its synthetic analogues, has suggested these compounds to be used as promising dietary supplements, that would act as body protectors.Especies reactivas se producen continuamente por el cuerpo, pero cuando exceden la defensa antioxidante generar una condición conocida como estrés oxidativo, relacionado con varias enfermedades degenerativas crónicas tales como diabetes mellitus (DM). Lo DM se caracteriza por la hiperglucemia crónica, resultando en desequilibrio metabólico y daño tisular. Por lo tanto, la aparición de esta enfermedad es relacionado con el estilo de vida y la alimentación de la población, siendo de gran interés para la búsqueda de los suplementos dietéticos que pueden actuar también mediante la prevención o la reducción de las alteraciones oxidativas. En este contexto, los suplementos alimentarios consistentes en antioxidantes son una protección muy eficaz para combatir el estrés oxidativo y, en consecuencia, la diabetes y sus complicaciones. De esta manera, se destaca luego, la acción antioxidante bien conocido presentado por la curcumina y también sus análogos sintéticos, lo que sugiere que estos compuestos para uso como suplementos dietéticos prometedores para actuar como guardias de cuerpo.Espécies reativas são continuamente produzidas pelo organismo, mas quando excedem a defesa antioxidante geram uma condição conhecida por estresse oxidativo, relacionado a várias doenças crônico-degenerativas como o diabetes mellitus (DM). O DM é caracterizado por hiperglicemia crônica, que resulta em desequilíbrio metabólico e dano tecidual. Assim, o aparecimento dessa patologia está altamente relacionado aos hábitos de vida e alimentares da população, sendo de grande interesse a busca por suplementos alimentares que possam também atuar evitando ou diminuindo alterações oxidativas em indivíduos diabéticos. Nesse contexto, suplementos alimentares constituídos por antioxidantes representam uma defesa muito eficiente de combate ao estresse oxidativo e, consequentemente, ao diabetes e suas complicações. Dessa maneira, destaca-se então, a conhecida ação antioxidante apresentada pela curcumina e também seus análogos sintéticos, sugerindo esses compostos para uso como promissores suplementos alimentares de forma a atuar como protetores do organismo

Assessment of anti-diabetic activity of a novel hydrazine-thiazole derivative: in vitro and in vivo method

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease resulting in oxidative stress that promotes tissue damage. The appearance of this disease is highly related to lifestyle and food of the population, being of great interest to search for a dietary supplement that can also act by reducing oxidative alterations. Based on the broad range of biological activity of thiazole derivatives, this work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of a novel hydrazine-thiazole derivative and studies in vivo. In in vivo experiments, the liver extracts of healthy and diabetic Wistar rats were used, with analysis to determine the enzymatic activity of SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR, and determination of lipid peroxidation. Finally, in the blood of these animals, biochemical parameters were evaluated. Statistical evidence of changes caused in liver enzymes and liquid peroxidation was not detected; however, these parameters were also not changed between control groups with and without diabetes. On the other hand, concerning biochemical parameters, significant differences were detected in uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, and urea, indicating a possible antioxidant protective role of such substances in the liver and kidney of diabetic animals that could be acting by means other than that commonly reported in the literature

Estresse oxidativo e fenilcetonúria: uma revisão integrativa

Phenylketonuria is an autosomal recessive disease. It is caused by an innate error that occurs in individuals where there is a change in the PAH chromosome 12q22-q24.2 gene, which encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase. Also known as PKU, the pathology consists of the absence of this enzyme or the lack of its full functionality, which can be detected in the first days of life. Treatment for PKU is essentially dietary and should be started as soon as it is diagnosed. The dietary restriction of phenylketonuric individuals is extensive, based on a limited diet that offers low content of, or free from phenylalanine. The decrease in phenylalanine levels in the blood aims to protect the patient from neurological damage caused by high levels of this amino acid. Commonly, diets are based on fruits and vegetables with low Phe levels accompanied by food formulas to achieve the necessary protein intake. Based on scientific studies, there is evidence that the restrictive diet, to which these patients have been submitted, results in a decrease in the body's antioxidant capacity and, consequently, contributes to the increase in oxidative stress caused by the presence of reactive oxygen species. Thus, the objective of the present study was to conduct an integrative review based on scientific studies regarding the correlation between oxidative stress in phenylketonuric patients and pathology. The analysis of selected studies showed a strong correlation between oxidative stress and neurological disorders in individuals diagnosed with PKU, being more common in patients with delayed diagnosis, showing that the restrictive diet is an essential factor in protecting patients.A fenilcetonúria é uma doença autossômica recessiva. É causada por um erro inato que ocorre em indivíduos onde há uma alteração no gene 12q22-q24.2 do cromossomo PAH, que codifica a fenilalanina hidroxilase. Também conhecida como PKU, a patologia consiste na ausência dessa enzima ou na falta de sua plena funcionalidade, que pode ser detectada nos primeiros dias de vida. O tratamento da PKU é essencialmente dietético e deve ser iniciado assim que for diagnosticado. A restrição alimentar de indivíduos fenilcetonúricos é extensa, baseada em uma dieta limitada que oferece baixo teor ou isento de fenilalanina. A diminuição dos níveis de fenilalanina no sangue visa proteger o paciente de danos neurológicos causados por níveis elevados desse aminoácido. Comumente, as dietas são baseadas em frutas e vegetais com baixos níveis de Phe acompanhados de fórmulas alimentares para atingir a ingestão proteica necessária. Com base em estudos científicos, há evidências de que a dieta restritiva, à qual esses pacientes têm sido submetidos, resulta na diminuição da capacidade antioxidante do organismo e, consequentemente, contribui para o aumento do estresse oxidativo causado pela presença de espécies reativas de oxigênio. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão integrativa baseada em estudos científicos sobre a correlação entre estresse oxidativo em pacientes fenilcetonúricos e patologia. A análise dos estudos selecionados mostrou forte correlação entre estresse oxidativo e distúrbios neurológicos em indivíduos diagnosticados com PKU, sendo mais comum em pacientes com diagnóstico tardio, mostrando que a dieta restritiva é um fator essencial na proteção dos pacientes

Determination of copper and alcohol contents in sugar cane spirits produced in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

The objective of this work was to investigate if producers of sugar cane spirits in Minas Gerais, Brazil, have improved the copper content of their products and also if they have adjusted to the new standards of identity for ?cacha?a? and ?aguardente?. Seventy-one samples, obtained from May 2003 until March 2004, were analyzed. Mean copper content was 2.30 mg/L, which indicates a significant reduction in levels. The mean alcohol content was 45.6 % v/v. All of the ?aguardente? but only 79% of the ?cacha?a? attended to the standard of identity for alcohol content for these products

Determinação de carbamato de etila em aguardentes de cana por CG-EM

A simple, specific and sensitive GC-MS procedure with ion m/z 62 was validated for the determination of ethyl carbamate (EC) in spirits. It exhibited linearity over the concentration of 30 to 600 μg/L with 30 μg/L limit of quantification. EC was detected in 70 of the 71 samples analyzed with levels from 33 to 2609 μg/L (mean level = 893 μg/L). 35% of the samples contained 500 to 1000 μg/L and 23% contained 150 to 500 and 1000 to 1500 μg/L. No significant correlation was found between EC and the levels of copper, pH and alcohol content of the samples

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and conventional extraction of chia seed oils: chemical composition and lipid oxidation

Chia seed (Salvia Hispanica L.) oil was obtained by supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) extraction and conventional solvent extraction (CSE). The seeds were from Brazil (seeds and stabilized flour), Sweden and the Netherlands. The processing parameters related to chia oil extraction using different seeds countries have not been studied yet. The chia oils were characterized with regard to fatty acid (FA) composition, antioxidant properties (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP), Peroxide Index (PI), TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) and tocopherol. The yield of the extracted oil was 25.7-32.2% with CSE and 27.8-31.8% by SC-CO2. The oils mainly contained unsaturated fatty acids (84.6-88.1%), the total concentration was similar between the different extraction methods. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid was 0.40, being markedly better than that reported for other vegetable oils. The SC-CO2 extracted oil showed greater antioxidant capacity compared with CSE extracted oil, whereas no significant differences were observed for levels of TBARS and PI. The total tocopherol content ranged from 141 to 601 mg/Kg and consisted mainly of gamma-tocopherol (88%). This study reveals that chia seed oil could be an interesting functional food ingredient. We also propose that SC-CO2 extraction is a better option than CSE for extraction of chia seed oil as it does not require use of organic solvents and is more environmentally friendly