Self-consciousness and the body in Sartrean phenomenology

Commentators interested in applying Sartre\u27s work to topics currently discussed in analytic philosophy of mind have missed some crucial distinctions and relations. Most notably, they have paid no attention to the relationship between the apprehension of a kind of Cartesian ego in impure reflection and the apprehension of oneself as a physical object. My dissertation examines Sartre\u27s analyses in Being and Nothingness in relation to more familiar approaches to the mind-body problem, the problem of other minds, and the problem of personal identity over time. Crucial to Sartre\u27s analyses are distinctions between several types and levels of reflection or selfawareness. Corresponding to these are various dimensions of seltbood and bodily existence ignored by more familiar approaches. The constitution of a Cartesian ego in impure reflection is the issue to which The Transcendence of the Ego is primarily devoted. However, Sartre also notes in that work that one\u27s body, as an object of one\u27s own consciousness, is a synthetic enrichment of this ego. This is taken up in detail in Being and Nothingness when, after examining the look, i.e., the experience of apprehending oneself as an object for another consciousness, Sartre distinguishes three ontological dimensions of the body: the body-for-itself, the body-for-others, and the body as it is experienced by oneself as an instrument or object for others. What commentators seem to miss is that the last of these is the Cartesian ego, now enriched by the sense of oneself-as-another which has been gained through the look. In addition to providing material for the apprehension of one\u27s own body, the Look is also essential to apprehension of other persons. In fact, apprehension of another person is apprehension of one\u27s body for others, now in tum enriched by apprehension of certain observable physical features. Sartre\u27s account of what is involved in the various levels of apprehension of oneself and others invites comparison with Strawson\u27 s analysis of the person as a basic particular to which M-predicates and P-predicates equally apply. While Sartre could agree that on the level at which one can think of a person as a subject to which both sorts of predicates apply, these predicates do apply equally, he would insist that in some sense a person is necessarily apprehended as a consciousness before being apprehended as a material object. This is true both of another person, who is first apprehended as a Look, and of oneself, whom one first apprehends as purely a relation to the world. That there are different types of awareness, and different levels of awareness, both of oneself and of other persons, is relevant to the question of what is involved in experiencing a person as extended in time. For instance, since the Look is involved in the experience of one\u27s body as an object, it is also involved in the experience of oneself as temporally extended. Prior to being apprehended as one\u27s body, however, the ego is experienced as temporally extended, although not in an entirely consistent manner. Finally, and more generally, I attempt to relate the constitutional relation that Sartre seems to intend with his talk about enrichment to more familiar talk about a possible variety of senses or references for the word I

Augmented Reality Tower Technology Assessment

Augmented Reality technology may help improve Air Traffic Control Tower efficiency and safety during low-visibility conditions. This paper presents the assessments of five off-duty controllers who shadow-controlled' with an augmented reality prototype in their own facility. Initial studies indicated unanimous agreement that this technology is potentially beneficial, though the prototype used in the study was not adequate for operational use. Some controllers agreed that augmented reality technology improved situational awareness, had potential to benefit clearance, control, and coordination tasks and duties and could be very useful for acquiring aircraft and weather information, particularly aircraft location, heading, and identification. The strongest objections to the prototype used in this study were directed at aircraft registration errors, unacceptable optical transparency, insufficient display performance in sunlight, inadequate representation of the static environment and insufficient symbology

Negligence—Doctrine of Macpherson v. Buick—Liability of Remote Supplier

La Rocca v. Farrington, 301 N.Y. 247, 93 N.E. 2d 829 (1950)

Who Thinks Treaties are Like Contracts? Not John Marshall

Courts in the United States are fond of analogizing treaties to contracts. The U.S. Supreme Court has done so on numerous occasions, as have nearly all federal circuit courts. Indeed, the treaty-as-contract trope has permeated U.S. legal discourse since at least the early 1800s when Chief Justice John Marshall wrote in Foster v. Neilson that “[a] treaty is in its nature a contract between two nations, not a legislative act.

Leveraging Foundation Balance Sheets for Greater Impact: Piloting a Pooled Guarantee Program

A guarantee instrument is a credit enhancement tool that can enable philanthropies to unlock millions or billions of dollars for societal impact. The Community Investment Guarantee Pool, created in 2019 by a collaboration of philanthropies and allied impact investors, or guarantors, is a novel initiative that uses guarantees to leverage the balance sheets of foundations and other institutional investors for enhancing the credit of intermediaries in the affordable housing, small-business, and climate markets. As the guarantees are unfunded, foundations continue to keep their endowment invested in the conventional market. This article describes the Community Investment Guarantee Pool, details its theory of change, and shares early challenges and insights related to the underlying theory of change. It discusses investor “but for” contributions; treatment of risk (perceived versus actual), both for the guarantors and intermediary recipients; and adaptations for specific markets. The pool is using developmental evaluation and emergent learning to surface insights for philanthropic and other impact investors. These insights can inform practices that hone the use of guarantees and a pooled impact investing approach. Foundations will benefit collectively and individually from the pool’s experience as they learn how to best integrate the use of guarantees in their own foundations and initiate other collaborative guarantee pools focused on sectors or geographic regions. Additionally, financial intermediaries can become more familiar with this financial tool and will be able to experiment with innovative and equitable lending and investment decisions with greater confidence due to the guarantee backing and lessons surfaced through a learning community

The Legacy of a Philanthropic Exit: Lessons From the Evaluation of the Hewlett Foundation’s Nuclear Security Initiative

As its seven-year Nuclear Security Initiative wound down in late 2014, the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation engaged ORS Impact to conduct a summative evaluation. That evaluation yielded insights pertinent to future work on nuclear security and other fields where policy-related investments, strategies, and goals are prioritized, as well as insights regarding Hewlett’s approach to the initiative exit. During the life of the initiative, significant changes in the geopolitical landscape influenced both the relevance and the expected pace of advancement of its established goals and targets. Rather than focusing on whether identified targets had been achieved in a narrow “success/failure” framework, the evaluation explored where and how Hewlett’s investments and actions made a difference and where meaningful progress occurred over the seven years of investment. Evaluation findings highlighted contributions and areas of progress that had not been explicitly anticipated or specifically identified in the initiative’s theory of change. This article describes the initiative and its theory of change, evaluation methods and approaches, findings, and how these informed the foundation’s planning for initiative exits and approach to measurement of time-bound investments. Although time-bound philanthropic initiatives are a well-established practice, the approach merits closer examination in order to discern effective ways to implement, evaluate, and wind down these types of investments

Numerical simulation of fiber and wire array Z-pinches with Trac-II

Trac-II is a two dimensional axisymmetric resistive MHD code. It simulates all three spatial components (r, z, φ) of the magnetic field and fluid velocity vectors, and the plasma is treated as a single fluid with two temperatures (Te,Ti). In addition, it can optionally include a self-consistent external circuit. Recent modifications to the code include the addition of the 3-T radiation model, a 4-phase (solid-liquid-vapor-plasma) equation of state model (QEOS), a 4-phase electrical/thermal conductivity model, and an implicit solution of poloidal Bz,Br) magnetic field diffusion. These changes permit a detailed study of fiber and wire array Z-pinches. Specifically, Trac-II is used to study the wire array Z-pinch at the PBFA-Z pulse power generator at Sandia National Laboratory. First, in 1-D we examine the behavior of a single wire in the Z-pinch. Then, using these results as initial radial conditions in 2-D, we investigate the dynamics of wire array configurations in the r-z and r-θ plane. In the r-z plane we examine the growth of the m=0 or ��sausage�� instability in single wires within the array. In the r-θ plane we examine the merging behavior between neighboring wires. Special emphasis is placed on trying to explain how instability growth affects the performance of the Z-pinch. Lastly, we introduce Trac-III, a 3-D MHD code, and illustrate the m=1 or �"kink" instability. We also discuss how Trac-III can be modified to simulate the wire array Z-pinch