Removal of Naproxen from aqueous matrices using olive stones based carbon materials as adsorbents

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com a Universidade Tecnológica Federal do ParanáEmerging micropollutants are substances found in the range of micrograms to nanograms per liter that are present in the various aqueous matrices of the world bringing adverse effects to the health of living beings. Naproxen, the object of study of this work, is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory with analgesic and antipyretic properties commonly used in sore throats, muscle aching, tendinitis, synovitis, etc. The present work aims to study the removal of naproxen through adsorption using activated charcoal from the olive pit. Therefore, this work is based on developing a method of quantification of naproxen using high performance liquid chromatography, prepare 4 types of adsorbents from the olive stone by changing the activation conditions, make the physicochemical characterization of the main adsorbent (Ads 3) and study the process of removal of naproxen with HPLC from the adsorption balance isotherms with the Langmuir and Freundlich models. For the calibration straight line, concentrations of 1 to 10 ppm of naproxen were prepared and injected into the HPLC-Vis, returning a calibration line with linear characteristic with R² = 0.9976. From the 0.25 mm crushed olive stone, 4 types of adsorbents were prepared: without treatment (Ads 1), carbonized (Ads 2), chemically activated and charred (main adsorbent - Ads 3) and chemically activated and pyrolyzed (Ads 4). Adsorbent 3 has 0.52% ash content and 84% of its volume with micropores and presented good conditions to continue the analysis of the effect of temperature and pH on adsorption. The results pointed to Ads 3 as the best absorber (qm = 37.01 mg g-1 ads) with high efficiency and better cost-benefit because it did not need to undergo pyrolysis although Ads 4 had very optimistic results (qm = 23.46 mg g-1 ads), but lower than Ads 3. Ads 1 as expected was the least efficient although even without treatment it has adsorption capacity (qm = 22.46 mg g-1 ads). The temperature and pH isotherms indicate that the temperature has little significant effect, where the temperature at 35°C obtained the best results of naproxen adsorption capacity (qm = 86.24 mg g-1 ads) but not very different from 25°C (qm = 77.68 mg g-1 ads). For pH, isotherms indicate that the natural pH of the solution (4.4) is the best option for the removal of naproxen (qm = 37.01 mg g-1 ads), since the results for the pH increase were not favorable. The isotherms adjusted with the Langmuir and Freundlich models have distinct characteristics: for temperature analyses the Freundlich model had better behavior with higher R², while for pH analysis and analysis of the 4 adsorbents the Langmuir models showed better fit. The difference in the use of the models is due to optimization throughout this work, in which the time and temperature studies were the precursors, and adjustments such as the ratio of naproxen mass with adsorbent mass were optimized in the comparison studies of pHs and adsorbents.Micropoluentes emergentes são substâncias encontradas na faixa dos microgramas a nanogramas por litro que estão presentes nas diversas matrizes aquosas do mundo trazendo efeitos adversos a saúde dos seres vivos. O Naproxeno, objeto de estudo deste trabalho, é um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal com propriedades analgésicas e antipiréticas usado comumente em dores de gargantas, dores musculares, tendinites, sinovites, etc. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a remoção do naproxeno através da adsorção utilizando carvão ativado a partir do caroço de azeitona. Portanto este trabalho baseia-se em desenvolver um método de quantificação do naproxeno utilizando cromatografia liquida de alta performance, preparar 4 tipos de adsorvente a partir do caroço de azeitona alterando as condições de ativação, fazer a caracterização físico-química do adsorvente principal (Ads 3) e estudar o processo de remoção do naproxeno com o HPLC a partir das isotermas de equilíbrio de adsorção com os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich. Para a reta de calibração foi preparando concentrações de 1 a 10 ppm de naproxeno e injetado no HPLC-Vis retornando uma reta de calibração com característica linear com R² = 0,9976. A partir do caroço de azeitona triturado a 0,25 mm foi preparado 4 tipos de adsorventes: sem tratamento (Ads 1), carbonizado (Ads 2), ativado quimicamente e carbonizado (adsorvente principal – Ads 3) e ativado quimicamente e pirolisado (Ads 4). O adsorvente 3, possui 0,52 % de teor de cinzas e 84% de seu volume com microporos apresentou boas condições para dar prosseguimento as análises do efeito da temperatura e pH na adsorção. Os resultados apontaram para o Ads 3 como melhor absorvente (qm = 37,01 mg g-1 ads) com alta eficiência e melhor custo-benefício por não precisar de passar por pirólise embora o Ads 4 apresente resultados promissores (qm = 23,46 mg g-1 ads), porém inferiores ao Ads 3. O Ads 1 como esperado foi o menos eficiente embora mesmo que sem tratamento possua capacidade de adsorção (qm = 22,46 mg g-1 ads). Os ensaios de variação de temperatura e pH apontam que a temperatura tem efeito pouco significativo, onde a temperatura a 35°C possibilitou o melhor resultado de capacidade de adsorção de Naproxeno (qm = 86,24 mg g-1 ads) porém não muito diferente de 25°C (qm = 77,68 mg g-1 ads). Já para o pH as isotermas apontam que o pH natural da solução (4,4) seja a melhor opção para a remoção do naproxeno (qm = 37,01 mg g-1 ads), uma vez que os resultados para o aumento do pH não foram favoráveis. As isotermas ajustadas com os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich tem características distintas: para as análises de temperatura o modelo de Freundlich teve melhor comportamento com R² maior, enquanto para análise do pH e as análises dos 4 adsorventes os modelos de Langmuir apresentaram melhor ajuste. A diferença da utilização dos modelos é devido a otimização ao longo deste trabalho, em que os estudos de tempo e temperatura foram os precursores, e ajustes como a relação massa de naproxeno com massa do adsorvente foram otimizados nos estudos de comparação de pHs e adsorventes

Removal of naproxen from water using adsorbents obtained from low-cost materials

The continuous growth of world population together with the strong urbanization has triggered an increasing demand for freshwater which has resulted in a serious deterioration of water bodies [1]. Water pollution with pharmaceutical drugs is becoming a relevant problem. The concentration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogens, personal care products, among others, in waterways is reaching hazardous levels, posing a threat to the environment and human health. Moreover, conventional cleaning and degradation processes applied on wastewater treatment plants are inefficient to eliminate or remove these compounds. Adsorption is a treatment process considered as effective process used to remove micropollutants such as pharmaceutical drugs from wastewaters [2, 3]. This work will present the main experimental results obtained for the removal of naproxen, a representative anti-inflammatory drug, from water by adsorption using activated carbon obtained from olive stone. From the raw material, four different types of activated carbon adsorbent were prepared and characterized. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were measured using the batch method. The most significant adsorption parameters were optimized, such as the solution pH, mass of the adsorbent, contact time and temperature. Four types of activated carbon materials were prepared from olive stones, the olive pits were powdered to an average diameter of 0.25 mm (type 1), then chemically activated with a strong acid (type 2) and then carbonized at 500ᵒC (type 3) or pyrolyzed at 800ᵒC (type 4). The batch method was applied to experimentally measure the equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The most significant adsorption parameters were optimized, such as the solution pH, mass of the adsorbent used, adsorption contact time and adsorption temperature.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020, UIDP/00690/2020 and EXPL2021CIMO_05-REMPHARM) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Valorisation of oliviculture residues to produce biochars for the removal of naproxen from water

The presence of pharmaceutical drugs, their metabolites and degradation products in the environment requires significant research and monitoring studies to assess the potential risks to human health and to ecosystems. Due to the extremely low concentrations of these chemicals in the environment in the trace levels of μg/L or even ng/L the removal processes must be optimized in order to make them easier, quicker, less expensive, and more environmentally friendly than traditional techniques [1]. Adsorption is a treatment process based on accumulation of the adsorbate (pollutant) on the adsorbent surface that has been successfully used for the optimization of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Carbon based materials (CBMs), such as activated carbons, chars, carbon black, carbidederive and nanostructured carbons have shown incredible efficiency as adsorbents. Of considerable interest is the possibility of using biomass wastes to prepare an effective adsorbent and its use in the removal of pharmaceuticals [2]. This work presents the main experimental results for the removal of naproxen from water by adsorption using activated carbon obtained from olive stones [3,4]. Four types of activated carbon materials were prepared from olive stones, the olive pits were powdered to an average diameter of 0.25 mm (type 1), then chemically activated with a strong acid (type 2) and then carbonized at 500ᵒC (type 3) or pyrolyzed at 800ᵒC (type 4). The batch method was applied to experimentally measure the equilibrium adsorption isotherms. The most significant adsorption parameters were optimized, such as the solution pH, mass of the adsorbent used, adsorption contact time and adsorption temperature. This work aims to study the removal of naproxen from aqueous solutions using activated carbon obtained from olive stonesThe authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020, UIDP/00690/2020 and EXPL2021CIMO_05-REMPHARM) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021). J.L. Diaz De Tuesta acknowledges the financial support of “Comunidad de Madrid” (Spain) for the individual research grant 2020-T2/AMB-19836info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Removal of naproxen from aqueous matrices by adsorption using activated carbons obtained from olive stones

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are some of the most prescribed drugs worldwide and several studies report their presence in various hydric media including drinking water, surface water, and sewage water. Unfortunately, conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are inefficient in the removal of NSAIDs. Of considerable interest is the possibility of using biomass wastes to prepare an effective adsorbent and its use in the removal of NSAIDs. Adsorption is a treatment process based on accumulation of the adsorbate (pollutant) on the adsorbent surface that has been successful used for the optimization of WWTP. Carbon-based materials (CBMs), such activated carbons have shown incredible efficiency as adsorbents. Traditionally, they are produced from anthracite, coal or peat. However, nowadays biomass residues (e.g. walnut shell, olive stones) has become an essential element for their production, due to the lower cost of biomass and its renewable nature.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) and FEDER under Programme PT2020 for financial support to CIMO (UIDB/0690/2020).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Removal of naproxen from water using adsorbents obtained from low-cost materials

The continuous growth of world population together with the strong urbanization has triggered an increasing demand for freshwater which has resulted in a serious deterioration of water bodies1. Water pollution with pharmaceutical drugs is becoming a relevant problem. The concentration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, estrogens, personal care products, among others, in waterways is reaching hazardous levels, posing a threat to the environment and human health. Moreover, conventional cleaning and degradation processes applied on wastewater treatment plants are inefficient to eliminate or remove these compounds. Adsorption is a treatment process considered as effective process used to remove micropollutants such as pharmaceutical drugs from wastewaters2,3. This work will present the main experimental results obtained for the removal of naproxen, a representative anti-inflammatory drug, from water by adsorption using activated carbon obtained from olive stone. From the raw material, four different types of activated carbon adsorbent were prepared and characterized. The equilibrium adsorption isotherms were measured using the batch method. The most significant adsorption parameters were optimized, such as the solution pH, mass of the adsorbent, contact time and temperature. The physicochemical characterization of the pyrolyzed material shows a considerable superficial area of 608 m2/g when compared with other natural biomass-based materials. The adsorbent with the better performance allowed, using a contact time of 24 hr and a solution pH of 4.5, a removal efficiency of 100%. The Langmuir model was used to better described the adsorption behavior with the highest maximum adsorption capacity value of 35.2 mg naproxen/g adsorbent. The kinetics of the adsorption is well described by a pseudo-second order model.The authors are grateful to the Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal) for financial support through national funds FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) to CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020, UIDP/00690/2020 and EXPL2021CIMO_05-REMPHARM) and SusTEC (LA/P/0007/2021).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Removal of naproxen from aqueous matrices by adsorption using activated carbons obtained from olive stones

Water pollution is a global problem that humanity must overcome in the twenty-first century.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Immune response pattern in recurrent Plasmodium vivax malaria

Abstract Background Plasmodium vivax is the causative agent of human malaria of large geographic distribution, with 35 million cases annually. In Brazil, it is the most prevalent species, being responsible by around 70 % of the malaria cases. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed in Manaus (Amazonas, Brazil), including 36 adult patients with primary malaria, 19 with recurrent malaria, and 20 endemic controls. The ex vivo phenotypic features of circulating leukocyte subsets (CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, NK, NKT, B, B1 and Treg cells) as well as the plasmatic cytokine profile (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF and IFN-γ) were assessed, aiming at establishing patterns of immune response characteristic of primary malaria vs recurrent malaria as compared to endemic controls. Results The proportion of subjects with high levels of WBC was reduced in malaria patients as compared to the endemic control. Monocytes were diminished particularly in patients with primary malaria. The proportion of subjects with high levels of all lymphocyte subsets was decreased in all malaria groups, regardless their clinical status. Decreased proportion of subjects with high levels of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was found especially in the group of patients with recurrent malaria. Data analysis indicated significant increase in the proportion of the subjects with high plasmatic cytokine levels in both malaria groups, characterizing a typical cytokine storm. Recurrent malaria patients displayed the highest plasmatic IL-10 levels, that correlated directly with the CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio and the number of malaria episodes. Conclusion The findings confirm that the infection by the P. vivax causes a decrease in peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets, which is intensified in the cases of “recurrent malaria”. The unbalanced CD4+/CD8+ T-cells ratio, as well as increased IL-10 levels were correlated with the number of recurrent malaria episodes. These results suggest that the gradual remodelling of the immune response is dependent on the repeated exposure to the parasite, which involves a strict control of the immune response mediated by the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell unbalance and exacerbated IL-10 secretion

Recomendações sobre procedimentos invasivos em pacientes com doenças do fígado e do trato biliar : relatório de reunião conjunta da Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH), Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva (SOBED) e Sociedade Brasileira de Radiologia Intervencionista e Cirurgia Endovascular (SOBRICE)

As doenças do fígado e das vias biliares são causas comuns de morbidade e mortalidade. Procedimentos invasivos com finalidade diagnóstica e terapêutica são frequentemente recomendados nos casos de doenças hepatobiliares. O reconhecimento das indicações e limitações das técnicas comumente empregadas é crucial para uma adequada seleção dos pacientes, maximizando os resultados positivos e reduzindo o risco de complicações. Em 2018, a Sociedade Brasileira de Hepatologia (SBH), em colaboração com a Sociedade Brasileira de Radiologia Intervencionista e Cirurgia Endovascular (SOBRICE) e a Sociedade Brasileira de Endoscopia Digestiva (SOBED) realizaram um encontro exclusivamente voltado para a discussão dos procedimentos invasivos nas doenças hepatobiliares. Este texto resume as principais recomendações discutidas durante o evento, e tem a intenção de auxiliar clínicos, gastroenterologistas, hepatologistas, radiologistas e endoscopistas no uso adequado dos procedimentos invasivos para manejo de pacientes com doenças hepatobiliares.Liver and biliary tract diseases are common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasive procedures are usually performed in those patients with hepatobiliary diseases for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Defining proper indications and restraints of commonly used techniques is crucial for proper patient selection, maximizing positive results and limiting complications. In 2018, the Brazilian Society of Hepato­logy (SBH) in cooperation with the Brazilian Society of Interventional Radiology and Endovascular surgery (SOBRICE) and the Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy (SOBED) sponsored a joint single-topic meeting on invasive procedures in patients with hepatobiliary diseases. This paper summarizes the proceedings of the aforementioned meeting. It is intended to guide clinicians, gastroenterologists, hepatologists, radiologists, and endoscopists for the proper use of invasive procedures for management of patients with hepatobiliary diseases