3,312 research outputs found

    Role of Sorption Isotherms in the Analysis of Coupled Heat and Mass Fluxes in Porous Media

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    The aim of this work is to show the importance of the sorption isotherms in the study of the heat and mass fluxes in unsaturated porous media. General forms of the heat and mass fluxes are presented in terms of experimentally accessible quantities. The role of the isotherm slope in the coupling of heat and mass fluxes and its influence on the effective permeability are shown. Separate relations for vapor and liquid fluxes through the porous medium are presented as functions of the temperature and the isotherm slopes. Nonstationary isothermal mass flux is also analyzed, a relaxation time for this process is identifled, and its relation to the isotherm slope is also discussed

    Tax dividend evaluation of major urban renewal projects

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    This paper proposes a parsimonious methodology to evaluate the impact of large urban renewal projects on public revenues. The impact is largely endogenous, external to projects and may encompass a broad range of instruments, ranging from local to regional to central governments. We look at licence fees, user charges, piggyback levies, excise taxes, social security contributions, and taxation of property, corporate income, personal income, and sales or value added. All these revenues are labelled tax dividends for short. The evaluation of a project?s tax dividends may help governments on their licensing and, above all, on their co-financing decisions. However, the need for rigorous financial evaluations faces too many difficulties in practice, from modelling complexity to information shortages to time constraints to bureaucratic obstruction. The methodology in this paper aims precisely at delivering feasible, fast and reasonably sound assessments that can be computed before or after the projects? accomplishment. Revenue changes spring from the economic effects of renewal projects, which differ across space and time. Spatial effects are not restricted to the renewal site. Very often, they spill over to neighbouring city areas, and may also include region and nationwide outcomes. Most on-site effects are internalised by the developer but generate tax dividends too. The renewal project can also bring important benefits to adjacent city areas, because it either reduces a negative externality?pollution or crime, for example?or creates a positive externality?such as widely appraised amenities?for agents located therein. In the case of really large renewal projects, there may also be non-local effects to account for. In fact, the project?s own expenditure is likely to leak into regional and national suppliers, triggering macroeconomic consequences. Economic effects differ also on time, being temporary or permanent. The former come out of resource acquisition by the developer, and may include expenditure on planning, compulsory purchases, decontamination, demolition, and construction. Permanent effects on output occur because these projects increase the real value of capital in the economy. Real estate rents, on site and on neighbouring areas, capitalise the social net benefits of the renewal project. Hence, temporary effects are spatially diffuse and expand the economy in the short run. The methodology includes a tailored Mundell-Fleming design to quantify these effects. Permanent outcomes expand potential output, are normally restricted to an urban subspace and are quantifiable out of differential rents. The methodology is easily customisable to particular projects. As an example, we include an application to the large ongoing renewal project in Eastern Lisbon, Portugal, triggered by the 1998 world exhibition?Expo?98. Frequently, major renewal projects are prompted by a highly visible event, such as this exhibition or the Olympics. The event itself is likely to cause temporary effects, for example through its impact on the tourism sector? which is likely to boost within the city and its region. Our application shows also how to plug these effects into the analysis.

    Influences of cosmic radiation, artificial radioactivity and aerosol concentration upon the fair-weather atmospheric electric field in Lisbon (1955–1991)

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    The atmospheric electric field is influenced by cosmic radiation, radioactivity and aerosols. In this work we investigate the existence of: (i) correlations between relative anomalies of annual values of atmospheric electric field and cosmic radiation intensity, artificial radioactivity and aerosol concentration; (ii) seasonal correlations between relative anomalies of the atmospheric electric field and cosmic radiation intensity. We used data of the electric field strength recorded at the Portela meteorological station (Lisbon) in the period 1955–1991. We found statistically significant inverse correlations between atmospheric electric field and cosmic radiation in the period 1967–1991. We also found that the influence of cosmic radiation on the atmospheric electric field is strong in wintertime and very weak in summertime. The GCR–CN–CCN–Cloud Hypothesis and the wintertime reduced boundary layer convection are analyzed as possible explanations for this difference

    Market Integration in the Golden Periphery - the Lisbon/London Exchange, 1854-1891

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    The existence of a self-regulating arbitrage mechanism under the gold standard has been traditionally considered as one of its main advantages, and attracted a corresponding research interest. This research is arguably relevant not only to test for the efficiency of the “gold points”, but also to study the evolution of financial integration during the so-called first era of globalization. Our first aim with this paper is to contribute to the enlargement of the scope of the literature by considering the case of Portugal that adhered to the system, in 1854, at a much earlier phase than the majority of countries, thus allowing for a broader perspective on the evolution of the efficiency of the foreign exchange market. As a typical “peripheral” country, Portugal can be used as the starting point for a study of the degree of integration of the periphery within the system. Furthermore, the Portuguese exchange also illustrates the role in practice of large players in sustaining currency stability, over and beyond the atomistic forces of arbitrage and speculation assumed in conventional theoretical frameworks. We also address the question of the credibility of the authorities’ commitment to the standard, through the perspective of the target zone literature.

    BetÔes eco-eficientes para uma construção sustentåvel

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    A indĂșstria do cimento Ă© uma das responsĂĄveis pela degradação ambiental, havendo por isso a necessidade de encontrar substitutos sustentĂĄveis. JĂĄ existe um tipo de betĂŁo (betĂŁo de elevado volume de cinzas volantes) com aplicaçÔes ainda muito restritas, mas com grandes vantagens ambientais. No entanto, as reduzidas resistĂȘncias iniciais sĂŁo uma das caracterĂ­sticas limitativas da sua utilização. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental com misturas ternĂĄrias onde volumes significativos de cimento foram substituĂ­dos, simultaneamente por cinzas volantes e metacaulino, funcionando este Ășltimo como um fator corretor do desempenho. Apresentam-se as principais vantagens e inconvenientes da utilização simultĂąnea destas duas adiçÔes, que poderĂŁo originar caracterĂ­sticas de desempenho muito interessantes, mesmo com elevados volumes de substituição. As sinergias resultantes destas misturas ternĂĄrias demonstram desempenhos muito promissores, possibilitando grandes volumes de substituição do cimento, mantendo ou melhorando os desempenhos mecĂąnicos e de durabilidade, podendo vir a ser uma solução viĂĄvel para a obtenção de um betĂŁo eco-eficiente de desempenho melhorado para uso generalizado na construção como alternativa ao betĂŁo convencional, aumentado considerĂĄvelmente a sustentabilidade da construção

    Misturas ternårias eco-eficientes com incorporação de cinzas volantes e metacaulino

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    Com a consciencialização crescente dos problemas ambientais, nomeadamente no que concerne Ă  eficiĂȘncia energĂ©tica e aos gases de efeito de estufa, a indĂșstria da construção e do cimento tem tido um lugar de destaque, sendo esta Ășltima responsĂĄvel por cerca de 7% das emissĂ”es de CO2 para a atmosfera. Sabendo que a produção de cimento contribui com cerca de uma tonelada de CO2 por cada tonelada produzida, nĂŁo deixa de ser paradoxal que o produto mais consumido pelo Homem, apenas ultrapassado pela ĂĄgua, nĂŁo encontre um substituto credĂ­vel, mais eficiente e mais ecolĂłgico. Considerando as soluçÔes tecnolĂłgicas disponĂ­veis, envolvendo a eficiĂȘncia energĂ©tica da produção, a produção intensiva ou a procura de combustĂ­veis alternativos para o fabrico de cimento, uma solução mais simples poderĂĄ estar na racionalização dos recursos e na sua substituição por materiais alternativos. JĂĄ existe um tipo de betĂŁo (betĂŁo de elevado volume de cinzas volantes) com aplicaçÔes ainda muito restritas, mas com grandes vantagens ambientais. No entanto, as reduzidas resistĂȘncias iniciais sĂŁo uma das caracterĂ­sticas limitativas da sua utilização. Neste contexto, foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental com misturas ternĂĄrias onde volumes significativos de cimento foram substituĂ­dos por cinzas volantes, e, tambĂ©m, em simultĂąneo, por uma outra adição, o metacaulino, funcionando esta como um factor corrector do desempenho. Neste trabalho, apresentam-se as principais vantagens e inconvenientes da utilização simultĂąnea de duas adiçÔes, cinzas volantes e metacaulino, que poderĂŁo originar caracterĂ­sticas de desempenho muito interessantes mesmo com elevados volumes de substituição. As sinergias resultantes destas misturas ternĂĄrias demonstram desempenhos muito promissores, possibilitando grandes volumes de substituição do cimento, mantendo ou melhorando os desempenhos mecĂąnicos e de durabilidade, podendo vir a ser uma solução viĂĄvel para a obtenção de um betĂŁo eco-eficiente de desempenho melhorado para uso generalizado na construção como alternativa ao betĂŁo convencional

    Sintomas neuropsiquiĂĄtricos e declĂ­nio cognitivo

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    Introdução: Os sintomas NeuropsiquiĂĄtricos (SNP) sĂŁo manifestaçÔes comuns que afectam quase todas as pessoas que sofrem da doença de Alzheimer. O objectivo principal deste trabalho passa por relatar a prevalĂȘncia dos diferentes SNP, utilizando uma prova especifica para esse efeito, o Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Questionnaire (NPI-Q), numa amostra de idosos recolhida junto da população geral, em instituiçÔes que recebem idosos (em diferentes valĂȘncias) do Concelho de Coimbra. É igualmente nosso objectivo verificar se existe uma associação significativa entre o declĂ­nio cognitivo, avaliado atravĂ©s de uma prova de rastreio cognitivo, o Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) junto do idoso e a gravidade (atribuĂ­da) dos SNP e o grau de perturbação causado pelos mesmos aos cuidadores informais dos idosos. Ao explorar esta associação e eventual papel preditivo da gravidade e grau de perturbação dos SNP para o declĂ­nio cognitivo, consideramos potenciais associaçÔes entre os SNP e o declĂ­nio e diferentes variĂĄveis sociodemogrĂĄficas, a sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa. ImportarĂĄ controlar estas variĂĄveis nas anĂĄlises preditivas, no caso de encontrarmos associaçÔes estatisticamente significativas. Pretendemos, igualmente, controlar o eventual papel da simulação (teste Rey-15 Item Test/Rey 15), caso se encontre presente neste estudo. Metodologia: A amostra incluiu 52 idosos (mĂ©dia de idades, M = 80,1; Desvio-padrĂŁo, DP = 6,89; variação = 66 - 93) sob resposta social em diferentes instituiçÔes do Concelho de Coimbra que aceitaram responder voluntariamente (ou cujos familiares/cuidadores concederam o respectivo consentimento) a uma bateria de testes (incluindo algumas questĂ”es sociodemogrĂĄficas, o MMSE, o Geriatric Anxiety Inventory/GAI a Geriatric Depression Scale/GDS, o Rey-15 e o NPI-Q. Resultados: A maioria dos sujeitos nĂŁo sofria de declĂ­nio cognitivo (65%; n = 34), verificando-se, em oposição a outros estudos, que as percentagens de sujeitos com SNP eram inferiores. Os SNP mais prevalentes foram a Ansiedade (34,6%; n = 18) e a Irritabilidade (34,6%; n = 18). Verificou-se nĂŁo existirem associaçÔes estatisticamente significativas entre a gravidade dos sintomas (NPI-Q) e grau de perturbação dos mesmos (NPI-Q), de acordo com os cuidadores informais, e a presença de declĂ­nio cognitivo nos idosos (MMSE). TambĂ©m nĂŁo se verificaram associaçÔes estatisticamente significativas entre a gravidade dos sintomas (NPI-Q) e grau de perturbação dos mesmos (NPI-Q), de acordo com os cuidadores informais e as variĂĄveis sociodemogrĂĄficas. NĂŁo foram encontradas associaçÔes entre a sintomatologia depressiva e ansiosa avaliada junto dos idosos e a gravidade dos SNP e grau de perturbação associado de acordo com os seus cuidadores informais. ConclusĂŁo/DiscussĂŁo: Ao contrĂĄrio do que poderia ser esperado, nĂŁo se encontrou uma associação entre o declĂ­nio cognitivo, avaliado junto dos idosos, e a presença de SNP de acordo com os cuidadores informais. VĂĄrios motivos se podem associar a este resultado nĂŁo significativo, como o facto da nossa amostra apresentar uma percentagem reduzida de idosos com declĂ­nio cognitivo, o tamanho reduzido da nossa amostra ou atĂ© mesmo o facto dos SNP terem sido avaliados por auxiliares da instituição que podem nĂŁo possuir a formação necessĂĄria para os avaliar. Um dado igualmente relevante foi a ausĂȘncia de associaçÔes significativas entre as medidas dos SNP e a sintomatologia depressiva/ansiosa e algumas variĂĄveis sociodemogrĂĄficas. Importa, em estudos futuros, com uma amostra maior, verificar se este padrĂŁo de resultados se mantĂ©m e, eventualmente, comparar os resultados obtidos depois do NPI-Q ser respondido por clĂ­nicos, familiares e auxiliares dos idosos. / Introduction: Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are common manifestations that afflict almost all Alzheimer’s disease patients. The main goal of this work was to present the prevalence of different NPS, using a specific test, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory – Questionnaire (NPI-Q), in a sample of elderly from the general population, under social answer in different institutions from Coimbra Council. Moreover, we want to verify if there is a significant association between the cognitive decline, assessed with a cognitive screening test, the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) administered to the elderly and the (attributed) severity of the NPS and distress caused by the symptoms, assessed by the informal caregiver of the elderly. While exploring this association and the potential predictive role of the severity and distress caused by the NPS to the cognitive decline, we also considered the potential associations between the NPS and the decline, different sociodemographic variables and depressive/anxious symptoms. It will be important to control these variables, if significant associations are found. We also wish to control the potential role of simulation (assessed by the Rey-15 Item Test/Rey 15), if we found that it is present in our sample. Methodology: Our sample comprises 52 elderly (mean age, M = 80,1; Standard deviation, SD = 6,89; range = 66 - 93) under social answer in different institutions from Coimbra Council who accepted to fill in voluntarily a test battery or whose relatives/caregivers gave consent, including some sociodemographic questions, the MMSE, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory/GAI, the Geriatric Depression Scale/GDS, the Rey-15 and NPI-Q. Results: It was possible to verify that most of the subjects did not suffer from cognitive decline (65%; n = 34). We also verified, in opposition to other studies, that the percentage of elderly with NPS was lower, with the most prevalent being anxiety (34,6%; n = 18) and irritability (34,6%; n = 18). There were no statistically significant associations between symptoms severity (NPI-Q) and distress caused by them (NPI-Q), according to the informal caregivers and the presence of cognitive decline in the elderly (MMSE). Moreover, there were no significant associations between symptoms severity and associated distress (NPI-Q) and the sociodemographic variables of the study. There were no associations between depressive and anxious symptoms in the elderly and the symptoms severity and associated distress (NPI-Q) assessed by the informal caregivers. Conclusion/Discussion: Contrary to what would be expected, we did not find an association between cognitive decline in the elderly and the presence of NPS according to the informal caregivers. Several reasons can explain this non significant result, like the fact that our sample presents a low percentage of elderly with cognitive decline, the reduced sample size our even the fact that NPS were assessed by the assistant workers of the institutions that might no possess the necessary knowledge to assess them. Other relevant result was the absence of significant associations between the NPS measures and depressive/anxious symptoms and some demographic variables. In future studies, with a larger sample it will be important to verify if these patterns of results are maintained and, eventually, it would be interesting to compare the results found after the NPI-Q has been answered by clinicians, family members and institution’s assistants

    A Questão do Mar do Sul da China no Contexto das RelaçÔes entre a China e os Países ASEAN

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    O presente trabalho de investigação integra trĂȘs capĂ­tulos principais. No primeiro capĂ­tulo, pretende-se fazer uma retrospectiva evolutiva das relaçÔes bilaterais entre a China e os paĂ­ses fundadores ASEAN, desde o final da 2.ÂȘ Guerra Mundial atĂ© Ă  actualidade, com destaque para os aspectos ligados Ă  ĂĄrea da segurança. No segundo capĂ­tulo, faz-se um enquadramento da questĂŁo do Mar do Sul da China, desde a sua importĂąncia estratĂ©gica atĂ© Ă  forma como esta questĂŁo tem vindo a ser discutida no Ăąmbito do relacionamento China/ASEAN, passando pela descrição das reivindicaçÔes de soberania e posicionamento dos paĂ­ses envolvidos, bem como por uma breve resenha dos principais incidentes verificados atĂ© Ă  data. O terceiro capĂ­tulo procura fazer um diagnĂłstico da situação actual e traçar algumas pistas de evolução futura, tanto no que diz respeito Ă s relaçÔes China/ASEAN na ĂĄrea de segurança como sobre a questĂŁo do Mar do Sul da China

    Eco-efficient ternary mixtures incorporating fly ash and metakaolin

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    With the growing awareness of environmental problems, particularly with regard to energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, the construction and the cement industry has had a prominent place, the latter being responsible for about 7% of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Knowing that cement production contributes about one tone of CO2 for every tone produced, it remains paradoxical that concrete, the product most consumed by humans, exceeded only by water, cannot find a credible replacement material for Portland cement, more efficient and greener. Considering the available technological solutions, involving energy efficiency of cement intensive production or the demand for alternative fuels for cement manufacture, a simpler solution might be the rationalization of resources by cement replacement by alternative materials. There is already a kind of concrete (high volume fly ash concrete) with very limited applications until nowadays but with intrinsically strong environmental advantages. However, the reduced early strength of this type of concrete is a limiting factor for his widespread usage. In this context, a study was developed in mortars with ternary mixtures where significant volumes of cement were replaced by fly ash, and also, simultaneously, for another addition functioning as a corrector of performance, the metakaolin. In this paper, one present the main advantages and drawbacks of the simultaneous use of these two mineral additions which synergy may cause very interesting performance characteristics even with high volumes of cement replacement. These ternary mixtures show very promising performances, allowing large volumes of cement replacement, maintaining or improving both mechanical and durability characteristics. These binders could be a viable solution for obtaining an eco-efficient enhanced performance concrete for widespread usage in construction as an alternative to conventional concrete
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