Social media didn’t start the fire: proposals for the temporary shutdown of social media during riots are unlikely to prevent further unrest

The impact of the riots that took place across England last month are still reverberating. We have seen long sentences handed down for those involved and rhetoric from the government on the social media that was seen to have helped rioters organise themselves. Paul Reilly evaluates these accusations and concludes that a focus on the disruptive potential of social media obscures the need for an inquest into the contexts and motivations of those who riot

Palimpsests of Immaterial Assemblages Taken out of Context: Tracing Pompeians from the Void into the Digital

This paper explores some ontological aspects of archaeological voids and enclosures together with their translations and substitutions, and considers the nature of spaces within material archaeological deposits and artefacts. The dematerialized and rematerialized bodies of the victims of Vesuvius in CE 79 are reappraised as a case study. By problematizing the voids we are able to think critically about the ontological status of the victims’ persistent traces and residues. Specifically, using Gavin Lucas’ grid of forces models, we explore how these traces and residues have been transformed into different kinds of objects, including, most recently, rematerializations in the digital, through their ongoing intra-actions within the domains of archaeology, museology, and additive manufacturing. Through this analysis the ambivalent nature of these traces and residues becomes more sensibl

Harbouring discontent: Activism in 1930s Fremantle

The 1930s was a period of huge economic and political turmoil, with the Great Depression and the rise of fascism in Europe, leading to the Second World War. Western Australia has been portrayed as a place of relative calm and consensus during this decade. This research challenges this view, and examines local community activism in Fremantle in relation to unemployment, industrial strife and the rise of fascism in Europe, particularly the civil war in Spain. The research indicates a highly active and politically conscious labour movement in Fremantle in this decade

Incidental catch and mortality of striped bass, Morone saxatilis, in the commercial bay shrimp trawl fishery in the San Francisco estuarine complex

The commercial bay shrimp fishery was monitored from April 1989 to September 1990 in south San Francisco Bay, and from September 1989 to September 1990 in San Pablo Bay and Carquinez Strait, to estimate incidental catch and mortality of young-of-the-year (YOY), juvenile and adult striped bass. Of the total estimated by-catch of 44,000 to 52,000 YOY bass, 98.5% were taken in San Pablo Bay. Of the total estimated bycatch of 3160 to 3570 older bass, approximately 75% were taken in San Pablo Bay. Estimated mortality from shrimp tows was 22% for YOY and 2% for older bass. More than 99% of mortalities occurred in San Pablo Bay. July and August 1990, when YOYs were smallest and most vulnerable to trawling, was considered a critical period. A reduction in tow duration as well as effort in San Pablo Bay during this period may be effective in significantly reducing total mortality. (42pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco and Tomales Bays, April 1987 to March 1988

Herring schools were surveyed hydroacoustically and sampled in San Francisco Bay from late October 1987 to March 1988. Nine large schools (greater than 1000 tons) and four smaller ones were detected. Total acoustic biomass estimate, using a combination of echo integration and "visual integration" methods, was 71,110 tons. Improved acoustic calibration parameters resulted in this estimate being close to the spawn escapement-plus-catch estimate of 68,881 tons. However, the two biomass survey methods ere complementary and, when used together, provide a more accurate estimate of the spawning population than either method alone. Eighty-two samples, containing a total of 16,316 herring, were collected with variable-mesh gill net, midwater trawl, or obtained from the roundhaul fishery. Mean body length decreased by more then 20 mm from the beginning to the end of the spawning season. Sex ratios favored males in November and December, while females were more abundant in February and March. The 1982 through 1986 year classes (6- through 2-yr olds) contributed approximately 98% by weight and number to the total 1987-88 spawning biomass in San Francisco Bay. Herring year classes aged 7 and older each comprised no more then 1% of any school. Above average recruitment occurred for the 1986 year class. Recruitment may not be complete for some year classes until age 3 yr. This was particularly evident for the 1985 year clear. (72pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco Bay, Monterey Bay, and the Gulf of the Farallones, July 1982 to March 1983

Herring stocks were hydroacoustically surveyed and sampled in San Francisco Bay from November 1982 to March 1983. Twelve discrete herring schools were identified, all of which spawned between November 7 and February 23. One additional school was found in the Bay in March but showed no evidence of spawning. Total biomass estimate from hydroacoustic surveys was 67,040 tons. Based on MRR biomass estimates from spawned egg counts, an additional 10,000 tons may have spawned in November and December without being detected hydroacoustically. The largest schools occurred in January and February. Hydroacoustic estimates of biomass for individual schools during the season ranged from 270 to 22,300 tons. Sixty-seven samples, containing a total of 12,232 herring, were collected with variable mesh gill net and midwater trawl or obtained from the commercial roundhaul and gill net fisheries. In general, a trend was observed of decreasing mean size and age as the season progressed. Schools spawning in November and December consisted primarily of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-yr-old fish. Schools sampled from January to March were predominantly 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-yr-old herring. The 1978, 1979, and 1980 yr classes (ages 5, 4, and 3 yr) were strong, comprising up to 90% of the samples. The 1981 yr class (2-yr olds) was relatively weak. Abundant rainfall and resultant low salinity in San Francisco Bay surface waters apparently delayed or prevented herring from spawning in February and March. A relationship may exist between relative abundance of young-of-the-year fish, as noted from midwater trawl samples collected by the Department's Bay-Delta Study, and the resultant year class strength of newly recruited 2-yr-old herring in San Francisco Bay's spawning stocks. (57pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, studies in San Francisco Bay, April 1986 to March 1987

Herring schools were surveyed hydroacoustically and sampled in San Francisco Bay from late October 1986 to March 1987. Eight large schools (greater than 1000 tons each) spawned from December to February and seven smaller schools were detected throughout the spawning season. Total acoustic biomass estimate using a "visual integration" technique was 40,930 tons, and it was determined from spawn escapement and commercial landings that an additional 2240 tons were not detected. This is a slight increase from last season's total of approximately 42,200 tons. For the first time, biomass was also estimated using echo integration equipment. A total biomass was obtained of 33,050 tons, including herring not detected acoustically. This estimate must be considered preliminary and subject to revision after target strength of San Francisco Bay herring is determined. Eighty-seven samples, containing a total of 13,125 herring, were collected with variable-mesh gill net and midwater trawl or obtained from the roundhaul and gill net fisheries. Mean body length (BL) of sampled herring decreased by about 20 mm from the beginning to the end of the spawning season. A combination of variable-mesh gill net and midwater trawl samples for a particular school closely approximates mean BL and age composition data from unbiased roundhaul samples. Age-weight and age-length relationships were average to above average compared with those of the previous two seasons. The 1982 year class exhibited unusually good growth, with a mean BL of 202.8 mm for herring aged from stratified random samples. The 1982 through 1985 year classes (5- through 2-yr olds) contributed 97% by number and 95% by weight to the total 1986-87 spawning biomass in San Francisco Bay. Good recruitment has occurred during the past four seasons. The weak 1981 year class contributed little to the total biomass as 6-yr olds. Average catch per tow of young-of-the-year (YOY) herring is a potential index of abundance for recruitment 18 months later as 2-yr olds. Estimated recruitment has only varied by 15% during the past three seasons and does not reflect the magnitude or trend in YOY catches in the bay. (85pp.

Pacific herring, Clupea harengus pallasi, experimental roe-on-kelp open pound fishery studies in San Francisco Bay, December 1987 to February 1988

The experimental open pound herring roe-on-kelp (ROK) fishery was studied in San Francisco Bay from mid December 1987 to mid February 1988. Five different harvests were observed and sampled. A total of 19.7 tons of Macrocystis sp. kelp covered with herring eggs was processed during this period. Kelp harvested from the Santa Barbara Channel Islands was transported to San Francisco Bay for hanging on the pounds. Weather conditions at the channel islands affected the condition and dimensions of the harvested kelp. Once suspended on the pounds in bay waters, the cut kelp deteriorated in 8 to 10 d. Based on our sampling, an average of 0.98 tons of kelp with a total blade surface area of 3031 m2 was suspended from each pound. ROK was sampled at the shoreside processing facility. Densities of attached eggs ranged from light (less than three layers) to heavy (more than six layers) for the five different spawns. Egg coverage on each pound also varied; kelp towards the middle portion of the pound received heavier deposition of eggs. Average weight increase from egg deposition, per blade, was 780% with the kelp weighing an average of 12.2% of the total. An average 13.2% by weight was trimmed during processing. A multiplication factor of 0.206 should be used to convert individual roe herring allotments to ROK allotments. Standard plastic totes containing processed ROK averaged 1783 lb total gross weight. Totes contained an average of 49.7% ROK by weight. Samples of roe-on-kelp increased an average of 10.9% in weight after brining during processing. (35pp.

Additive Archaeology: An Alternative Framework for Recontextualising Archaeological Entities

Additive manufacturing poses a number of challenges to conventional understandings of materiality, including the so-called archaeological record. In particular, concepts such as real, virtual, and authentic are becoming increasingly unstable, as archaeological artefacts and assemblages can be digitalised, reiterated, extended and distributed through time and space as 3D printable entities. This paper argues that additive manufacturing represents a ‘grand disciplinary challenge’ to archaeological practice by offering a radical new generative framework within which to recontextualise and reconsider the nature of archaeological entities specifically within the domain of digital archaeology

Contested narratives: social media and policing in Northern Ireland

Although the uses of social media have come to include the promotion of human rights by organised groups, and although this form of digital citizenship often articulates views that would be neglected in conventional public debates, not all events attract the same attention or even gain momentum. Paul Reilly explains how reactions to alleged police brutality in Northern Ireland illustrate this point