Cardiovascular Responses to Electromagnetic Radiation

Electromagnetic signaling has recently greatly increased due to mobile telephony and computers some of which radiate much and have wide spectra. The radiations are also reflected and thus form standing waves with incoming ones. In cities both the direct and reflected radiations form complex networks of waves. People may get symptoms, if they are highly exposed. Radiations and standing waves can be best studied outside cities where there is much less man made electromagnetic activity. Also Faraday cages permit cleaning of the extra radiation. We have used both these methods and shown that people sense those maxima and minima. Their hands move involuntarily when they cross these. People can also become sensitive to irradiation, and their finger temperatures cool down when blood flow lessens when having mobile phones in their hands and when typing laptop computers, if these cause high radiation. They also may get hand pain and become clumsy. If a person has a pacemaker and the heart rate remains constant, the mobile phone opening and closing can be reflected in the measured blood pressure. If highly radiation sensitive people stop using mobile phone, their symptoms can lessen as seen in the control of circulation. In valleys of hilly rocky countryside the radiation level is low and sensitized humans get less problems. Unnecessary exposure to mobile telephony is recommended.Keywords: Mobile phones, FM radio, heart rate, blood pressure, head ache, fatigu

TV White Space Network Interference Measurements and Application Pilot Trials. Final report from field measurement campaigns and application pilot trials in WISE projects during 2011-2014

This report describes TV white space network measurements and trials conducted in Finnish WISE projects during 2011-2014. A TV White Space test network environment was developed and built in Turku, Finland, to aid in standardization and to demonstrate technical capabilities of TV white space networks. The test network environment was the first in Europe having a geolocation database to control the frequency use. This report introduces interference measurements conducted to aid in the standardization work in CEPT/ECC SE43 group. These measurements and the work in the SE43 group served as base information in the creation of an ETSI harmonised standard for TV white space devices, ETSI EN 301 598. The report also presents two application pilot trials conducted to demonstrate the technical feasibility of TV white space networks: a long-term video surveillance trial in Turku and Helsinki area public transport ticket sales and transit information screens trial.Siirretty Doriast

Coexistence of DTT and Mobile Broadband: A Survey and Guidelines for Field Measurements

This article provides a survey and a general methodology for coexistence studies between digital terrestrial television (DTT) and mobile broadband (MBB) systems in the ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasting band. The methodology includes characterization of relevant field measurement scenarios and gives a step-by-step guideline on how to obtain reliable field measurement results to be used in conjunction with link budget analyses, laboratory measurements, and simulations. A survey of potential European coexistence scenarios and regulatory status is given to determine feasible future use scenarios for the UHF television (TV) broadcasting band. The DTT reception system behavior and performance are also described as they greatly affect the amount of spectrum potentially available for MBB use and determine the relevant coexistence field measurement scenarios. Simulation methods used in determining broadcast protection criteria and in coexistence studies are briefly described to demonstrate how the information obtained from field measurements can be used to improve their accuracy. The presented field measurement guidelines can be applied to any DTT-MBB coexistence scenarios and to a wide range of spectrum sharing and cognitive radio system coexistence measurements.</p

Coexistence of DTT and Mobile Broadband: A Survey and Guidelines for Field Measurements

This article provides a survey and a general methodology for coexistence studies between digital terrestrial television (DTT) and mobile broadband (MBB) systems in the ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasting band. The methodology includes characterization of relevant field measurement scenarios and gives a step-by-step guideline on how to obtain reliable field measurement results to be used in conjunction with link budget analyses, laboratory measurements, and simulations. A survey of potential European coexistence scenarios and regulatory status is given to determine feasible future use scenarios for the UHF television (TV) broadcasting band. The DTT reception system behavior and performance are also described as they greatly affect the amount of spectrum potentially available for MBB use and determine the relevant coexistence field measurement scenarios. Simulation methods used in determining broadcast protection criteria and in coexistence studies are briefly described to demonstrate how the information obtained from field measurements can be used to improve their accuracy. The presented field measurement guidelines can be applied to any DTT-MBB coexistence scenarios and to a wide range of spectrum sharing and cognitive radio system coexistence measurements

700 MHz Band LTE Uplink Interference to DTT Reception System Cabling

This paper studies the shielded screening attenuation of consumer-grade digital terrestrial television (DTT)antenna coaxial cables and presents a measurement campaign to determine their vulnerability to interference originating from uplink traffic of a nearby Long Term Evolution (LTE)user equipment (UE) operating on the 700 MHz frequency band. The interference scenario is novel as the LTE uplink traffic on the 700 MHz band is significantly closer in frequency to the DTT transmissions than previously with the 800 MHz LTE. The measurement results show that the antenna coaxial cables with weakest shielded screening attenuation can be interfered in realistic usage scenarios when the LTE UE uplink traffic is transmitted on the lowest frequencies in the 700 MHz band and the DTT channel highest in frequency is used

Coexistence of DTT and mobile broadband:A survey and guidelines for field measurements

This article provides a survey and a general methodology for coexistence studies between digital terrestrial television (DTT) and mobile broadband (MBB) systems in the ultra high frequency (UHF) broadcasting band. The methodology includes characterization of relevant field measurement scenarios and gives a step-by-step guideline on how to obtain reliable field measurement results to be used in conjunction with link budget analyses, laboratory measurements, and simulations. A survey of potential European coexistence scenarios and regulatory status is given to determine feasible future use scenarios for the UHF television (TV) broadcasting band. The DTT reception system behavior and performance are also described as they greatly affect the amount of spectrum potentially available for MBB use and determine the relevant coexistence field measurement scenarios. Simulation methods used in determining broadcast protection criteria and in coexistence studies are briefly described to demonstrate how the information obtained from field measurements can be used to improve their accuracy. The presented field measurement guidelines can be applied to any DTT-MBB coexistence scenarios and to a wide range of spectrum sharing and cognitive radio system coexistence measurements

Trials of 60 GHz radio for a future 5G New Radio (NR) solution for high capacity CCTV offload and multimedia transfer

This paper studies the radio interface performance of a 60 GHz radio in both indoor and outdoor conditions. The target is to assess its suitability for resolving emerging needs in the public transport, especially, in rail traffic, to transfer large amounts of data from vehicles to the stations and vice versa, during a short period of time. 60 GHz could also be ideal band for the wireless inter-carriage connection between the railcars. The related services and requirements are defined in the 5G specification Mobile Communication System for Railways - TS22.289. 60 GHz band is also included in the 5G standard as an unlicensed band

Measurements to Study the Coexistence of Private LTE TDD Networks in 2.3 GHz Band

Private wireless networks have recently gained interest in many business applications. Use of 4G and 5G technologies for private network deployments has become feasible recently. Finnish Transport and Communications Agency Traficom began to grant licenses for private mobile Time Division Duplex (TDD) networks on frequency band 2300-2320 MHz in 2020. In this study, the coexistence of two 4G TDD networks is investigated through an extensive measurement campaign. The laboratory test setup developed to conduct the interference measurement campaign can be used to study 4G and 5G TDD technologies in frequency bands below 4 GHz. Networks using TDD technology are recommended to use synchronized frame configurations to avoid interference. Private network applications and requirements differ between user organisations and hence the uplink and downlink data rate requirements are different and may need different TDD frame configurations. This paper studies interference between adjacent private networks, which have same or different TDD frame configurations. Measurement results indicate that non-synchronized networks produce interference and significant decrease in data throughput in neighboring networks

Field Measurements to Study the Co-Existence of Geographically Limited Local Industrial Mobile TDD Networks

Use of 4G and 5G technologies for local industrial networks has become feasible in recent years. This paper studies the co-existence of two geographically limited adjacent Time Division Duplex (TDD) local networks through a field measurement campaign. The networks have the same or different TDD frame configurations. The test setup developed to conduct the interference measurement campaign can be used to study both 4G and 5G TDD technologies. Measurement results indicate that non-synchronized networks produce interference and significant decrease in data throughput in neighboring networks. Thus, networks using TDD technology are recommended to use synchronized frame configurations to avoid interference. However, local network applications and their requirements may differ between user organizations, and hence the uplink and downlink data rate requirements are different and may need different TDD frame configurations