47 research outputs found

    The varieties of formulaic diction in Turkic oral epics

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    This article tries to show that the formulaic diction on the level of verse line and formulaic patterning in the composition of scenes are closely related and must be studied together. The analysis is done on the example of Turkic epics. Of the formulaic patterns the most prominent one is the variety of use of the attribute ak (white), which appears to be one of the most common epithets in Turkic epic poetry. It is usually connected with cloth (e.g. caftan, yurt), different parts of body (face, bosom), antelope, the lumps of gold given as bride-price and various kinds of arms (sword, spear) etc. It is usually denoted evaluatively as purity and beauty. In this matter Turkic epics share its position with many national epics of the middle ages including Serbian, Old English, Old German etc. The same role is analyzed for the opposite pattern “dust of earth”, and for the two themes: preparation of the hero for his journey and council scenes which are also mutual to many medieval epic traditions such as aforementioned Serbian and others

    Formulaic Diction in Kazakh Epic Poetry

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    "This paper is an attempt to extend formulaic analysis to the Turkic epics of Central Asia. Owing to social and cultural conservatism, the traditional art of oral poetry is still cultivated by a number of Turkic peoples in the present time, in particular by those Turkic tribes who have preserved their nomadic or semi-nomadic way of life until now or at least until recently. Turkic oral narrative poetry is as manifold and diverse as the peoples composing the Turkic world, ranging from the Yakuts of Northern Siberia, via the shamanistic Turks of the Altay and the Lamaistic Tuvinians of the Tannu mountain ridge the nomadic or originally nomadic Turks who live in the vast area from the Tianshan and Pamir mountains to the Caspian Sea (Kirghiz, Kazakh, Karakalpak, Turcoman), the sedentary Turks of Transoxania and the Tarim Basin (Uzbeks, Uyghurs), the Turks of the South Russian steppes and the Caucasus (Tatar, Bashkir, Nogay, Karatchay, and Balkar), to the Turks of Transcaucasia, Anatolia, and the Balkans (Azerbaijanians, Turks of Turkey). Despite some basic similarities among these traditions, resulting from their common linguistic background and cultural heritage, each people has developed its own mode of epic poetry. In the present paper the emphasis is on Kazakh narrative poetry, an oral tradition which recommends itself both by its wealth and its vigor. "--Pages 360-361

    Turkic oral epic

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    Oral poetry in my field--which I take to be that of Turkic oral epic (rather than medieval "oral" epic, although it is as a professor of medieval English that I earn my living)--is first and foremost when a professional singer performs narrative poetry (together with some other well-defined types of poetry) to an audience.Not

    IV. « Sens » et « conjointure » : problĂšmes d’interprĂ©tation

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    Le quatriĂšme chapitre s’attache aux questions d’interprĂ©tation. Se rĂ©fĂ©rant Ă  la distinction entre «sens» et «conjointure» telle qu’elle est faite dans l’introduction de l’Énec et Énide de ChrĂ©tien de Troyes, l’auteur soutient qu’une Ă©popĂ©e orale comme Qoblan ou Manas ne doit pas ĂȘtre simplement interprĂ©tĂ©e au niveau du texte, mais qu’elle doit l’ĂȘtre aussi d’un point de vue pragmatique. Certes, une lecture attentive de l’épopĂ©e en tant qu’Ɠuvre d’art verbal (intrigue, caractĂ©ristiques, style, structure narrative et technique narrative) est indispensable Ă  son analyse, mais une comprĂ©hension plus complĂšte prĂ©suppose une connaissance de la fonction que remplit l’exĂ©cution de l’épopĂ©e dans une sociĂ©tĂ© orale (ou partiellement orale), ainsi que de la place qu’occupe l’épopĂ©e dans son systĂšme de valeurs. Une Ă©popĂ©e hĂ©roĂŻque comme Qoblan ou Manas est ressentie comme historique (par le barde et par son audience), et elle joue un rĂŽle important tant dans l’identification des racines d’un groupe ethnique que dans la consolidation de son identitĂ©. Si ces Ă©popĂ©es hĂ©roĂŻques sont jugĂ©es reflĂ©ter une vĂ©ritĂ© historique, elles n’en ont pas moins subi une transformation considĂ©rable au cours de leur transmission, se conformant ainsi par leur intrigue et la structure de leurs motifs aux modĂšles du mythe tels que les a dĂ©crits M. Eliade.The fourth chapter is concerned with questions of interpretation (“Sens” et “conjointure”: problĂšmes d’interprĂ©tation).  With reference to the distinction between sens and conjointure as made in the introduction to ChrĂ©tien de Troyes’ Érec et Énide it is argued that an oral epic such as Qoblan or Manas should not only be interpreted on the textual level but must also be interpreted from a pragmatic point of view.  While a close reading of the epic as a work of verbal art (plot, characterization, style, narrative structure and narrative technique) is indispensable for its analysis, a fuller understanding presupposes a knowledge of the function an epic performance has in an oral (or partially oral) society and the place an epic occupies in its value system.  Heroic epics like Qoblan or Manas are felt to be historical (by singer and audience) and they play an important role in identifying the roots of an ethnic group and in re-inforcing its identity.  While these heroic epics are believed to reflect historical truth, they have nevertheless undergone considerable transformation in the course of their transmission, thus conforming in the plot and motif structure to mythic patterns as described by M. Eliade

    Bibliographie

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    Aarne, A., et S. Thompson1961 The Types of the Folktale (Helsinki, Suomalainen Tiedakatemia), 588 p. [FF Communications, 184 ; 2e Ă©d. revue]. Abdullaev, R. S.1989 Bytovanie dastanov v Uzbekistane, in I. I. Zemcovskij (Ă©d.), Muzyka ĂȘposa. Stat’i i materialy (Yoshkar-Ola, Komissija muzykovedenija i fol’klora Sojuza kompozitorov RSFSR), pp. 113-117. Alekseev, N. A.1980 Rannie formy religii tjurko-jazyčnyx narodov Sibiri (Novosibirsk, izd. Nauka), 318 p.1984 Ć amanizm tjurkojazyčnyx narodov Sibiri..

    III. Le héros et le chamane

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    Dans le troisiĂšme chapitre, les strates prĂ©-islamiques rencontrĂ©es dans les Ă©popĂ©es d’Asie centrale sont examinĂ©es de plus prĂšs. On montre l’existence d’une Ă©troite connexion entre le barde et le chamane. Celle-ci est mise en Ă©vidence par l’usage de termes comme baxĆĄi pour dĂ©signer l’un comme l’autre, le symbolisme de l’instrument du barde, comparable Ă  celui du chamane, les visions et la maladie initiatique dont ils font tous deux l’expĂ©rience. Une Ă©tude plus poussĂ©e de deux Ă©popĂ©es altaĂŻennes (KögĂŒtey et Altay Buučay) montre que cette tradition a bien prĂ©servĂ© le monde des Turcs prĂ©-islamiques, mais des strates archaĂŻques semblables peuvent aussi ĂȘtre dĂ©tectĂ©es dans les Ă©popĂ©es des traditions centrales, parmi lesquelles on peut mentionner les transformations du hĂ©ros et de son cheval, les aventures hĂ©roĂŻques dans le monde souterrain, diverses figures mythologiques et la rĂ©animation du hĂ©ros.In the third chapter the pre-Islamic strata as found in the Central Asian epics are further examined (Le hĂ©ros et le chamane: les strates archaĂŻques de l’épopĂ©e turque). It is shown that there is an intimate connection between epic singer and shaman. This emerges from the use of terms like baxĆĄi for both the bard and the shaman, from the symbolism of the singer’s instrument, comparable to that of the shaman, and from initiation visions and sicknesses found both among bards and shamans.  A closer view at two Altaian epics (KögĂŒtey and Altay Buučay) shows that in this tradition the world of the pre-Islamic Turks is well preserved, but similar archaic strata can also be detected in the epics of the central traditions, among them the transformations of the hero and his horse, heroic adventures in the underworld, various mythological figures and the reanimation of the hero

    II. Le héros et le saint

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    Le second chapitre traite de l’influence de l’islam sur l’épopĂ©e orale turque d’Asie centrale. Cette influence se rencontre non seulement dans les Ă©popĂ©es et les rĂ©cits oraux oĂč le prosĂ©lytisme religieux est manifeste, mais aussi dans les Ă©popĂ©es hĂ©roĂŻques et lyriques profanes. Les premiĂšres (dites dĆŸañnāma en ouzbek) cĂ©lĂšbrent les hauts faits du ProphĂšte, de ses compagnons et de ses successeurs, leurs guerres contre les infidĂšles et leurs succĂšs en tant que chefs musulmans. Ces rĂ©cits oraux ont aussi influencĂ© des Ă©popĂ©es non religieuses, tel le dastan ouzbek de Yousouf et Ahmad. Dans ces Ă©popĂ©es et dans d’autres Ă©galement, un rĂŽle important est attribuĂ© Ă  divers saints auxiliaires, en particulier Ă  ‘AlÄ«, aux Quarante saints, au Douze imams, Ă  diffĂ©rents pir et saints hommes. Lors de la discussion sur le caractĂšre hĂ©tĂ©rodoxe que prĂ©sentent les invocations de ces saints dans les Ă©popĂ©es, il est soutenu que la plus importante source d’inspiration religieuse de celles-ci est Ă  rechercher dans l’islam populaire centre-asiatique, qui incorpore de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments prĂ©-islamiques.In the second chapter the influence of Islam on the Central Asian oral epics is discussed (Le hĂ©ros et le saint: l’influence islamique sur l’épopĂ©e turque d’Asie centrale). Islamic influence is found in epics and oral narratives of an overtly religious persuasion as well as in secular heroic epics and romances.  The former (called dĆŸañnāma in Uzbek) celebrate the deeds of the Prophet and his followers and successors, their wars against the infidels and their achievements as Moslem leaders.  These narratives have also influenced non-religious epics such as for instance the Uzbek dastan of Yusuf and Ahmad. An important role in these and other epics is given to various helper saints, in particular to ‘AlÄ«, the Forty Saints, the Twelve Imams, and various pirs and holy men.  In discussing the heterodoxy in the invocations of these saints it is argued that the most important source of religious inspiration in the epics must be sought in the popular Islam of Central Asia, which incorporates many pre-Islamic elements

    I. Bref aperçu de l’épopĂ©e orale turque en Asie centrale

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    Le premier chapitre offre une courte introduction Ă  l’épopĂ©e orale turque d’Asie centrale. Parmi les diverses traditions de poĂ©sie orale des peuples turcs, c’est aux Ă©popĂ©es de ce que l’on nomme les «traditions centrales» que ce chapitre et les suivants sont consacrĂ©s, c’est-Ă -dire Ă  la poĂ©sie orale des Ouzbeks, des OuĂŻghours, des Kazakhs, des Karakalpaks et des Kirghizes. On distingue dans ces traditions diffĂ©rents types de bardes : baxĆĄi, aqĂŻn, ĆŸiraw, manasči, etc. ; ce sont en gĂ©nĂ©ral des professionnels qui ont acquis leur art et leur rĂ©pertoire au cours d’un apprentissage plus ou moins formel auprĂšs d’un ou de plusieurs maĂźtres bardes. Bien que l’on relĂšve maintes ressemblances entre ces traditions, elles connaissent nĂ©anmoins une assez grande diversitĂ© quant Ă  la forme, au genre et au mode d’exĂ©cution des Ă©popĂ©es. Les Ă©popĂ©es peuvent ĂȘtre en vers, elles peuvent ĂȘtre en un mĂ©lange de vers et de prose ; les vers peuvent ĂȘtre de huit syllabes, souvent allitĂ©rĂ©s, ou de onze ou douze syllabes, souvent rimĂ©s ; le rĂ©pertoire du barde comporte Ă  la fois des Ă©popĂ©es hĂ©roĂŻques et des Ă©popĂ©es lyriques (dastan) ; le barde peut exĂ©cuter l’épopĂ©e en chantant sans l’accompagnement d’un instrument (tel le manasči kirghize), il peut s’accompagner lui-mĂȘme sur un instrument Ă  cordes pincĂ©es ou jouĂ©es Ă  l’archet, et il peut aussi ĂȘtre accompagnĂ© par un autre musicien, voire par un petit ensemble.The first chapter provides a short introduction to the Turkic oral epic of Central Asia (Bref aperçu de l’épopĂ©e orale turque d’Asie centrale). Among the various traditions of Turkic oral poetry, this and the following chapters focus on the epics of what is termed the «central traditions», i.e. the oral poetry of the Uzbeks, Uighurs, Kazakhs, Karakalpaks and Kirghiz.  In these traditions different types of singers can be distinguished: baxĆĄi, aqĂŻn, ĆŸĂŻraw, manasči and others ; these singers are in general professionals who have acquired their art and their repertoire in the course of a more or less formal training with one or more master singers.  Although there are many similarities between these traditions, there is also a fair amount of variety as to the form, the genre and the manner of performance of the epics.  Epics can be in verse, they can be in a mixture of verse and prose ; the verse can be in octosyllabic lines, often alliterating, or in lines of eleven/twelve syllables, often rhyming ; in the singers’ repertoire there are both heroic epics and lyrical love romances (dastans) ; the singer might perform the epic in chanting without the accompaniment of an instrument (as the Kirghiz manasči), he might accompany himself on a plucked or bowed instrument, and he might be further accompanied by another musician or even a small ensemble

    V. La voix vive : aspects de la performance

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    Le dernier chapitre Ă©tudie l’exĂ©cution de l’épopĂ©e orale d’Asie centrale. Les divers constituants de l’exĂ©cution d’une Ă©popĂ©e sont examinĂ©s Ă  l’aide de l’appareil terminologique de l’ethnographie de la communication, et le caractĂšre d’évĂ©nement de cette poĂ©sie orale Ă©pique est soulignĂ©. De mĂȘme, les commentaires sur les aspects musicaux de l’exĂ©cution abordĂ©s au premier chapitre sont approfondis, et illustrĂ©s d’exemples issus des diverses traditions de la poĂ©sie Ă©pique turque. MĂȘme si la rĂ©citation d’une Ă©popĂ©e comporte de nombreux Ă©lĂ©ments dramatiques, l’exĂ©cution de la poĂ©sie Ă©pique chez les Turcs ne franchit pas la frontiĂšre qui la sĂ©pare du drame comme c’est le cas dans certaines traditions d’Afrique ou d’Asie. La conclusion met l’accent sur le fait que, l’épopĂ©e relevant de l’art oral, les aspects liĂ©s Ă  son exĂ©cution sont de la plus haute importance pour pouvoir pleinement l’apprĂ©cier.The final chapter examines the actual performance of Central Asian oral epics (La voix vive: aspects de la performance). With the help of the terminological apparatus of the ethnography of communication the various constituents of an epic performance are described and the event character of oral epic poetry is underlined.  By the same token, the comments on the musical aspects of performance in the first chapter are elaborated, with examples from the various central traditions of Turkic epic poetry.  While the recitation of epic contains many dramatic elements, the performance of Turkic epic poetry does not cross the borderline to drama as in some African or Asian traditions.  It is stressed in concluding that as an oral art the performance aspects of Turkic epic are of the utmost importance for its full appreciation

    BeitrÀge zur Geschichte des Landkreises Regensburg 8

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    1200 Jahre SĂŒnching - BeitrĂ€ge zur Geschichte eine GĂ€ubodengemeinde; Darin: Werner, HannsjĂŒrgen: Die vor- und frĂŒhgeschichtliche Besiedlung der Gemeinde SĂŒnching (S. 10); Spitzlberger, Georg: Ein römisches Landhaus im Raum SĂŒnching (S. 15); Fendl, Josef: Die Ochsenstraße (S. 18); Fendl, Josef: Die ersten urkundlichen Nennungen SĂŒnchings (S. 19); Fendl, Josef: Das Ă€lteste SĂŒnchinger Denkmal (S. 21); Fendl, Josef: Die SĂŒnchinger - MarschĂ€lle des Hochstifts Regensburg (S. 23); Fendl, Josef: Die Hofer und Staufer als Herren von SĂŒnching (S. 25); Fendl, Josef: Eine SĂŒnchinger Prachtbibel (S. 30); Fendl, Josef: Ein SĂŒnchinger war Hofnarr der FĂŒrstbischöfe von Passau (S. 32); Reichl, Josef: Die Seinsheimer in SĂŒnching (S. 34); Fendl, Josef: Ein schreckliches halbes Jahr (1633/34) (S. 39); Fendl, Josef: Die Herrschaft SĂŒnching (S. 40); Fendl, Josef: Die SĂŒnchinger Sautonerl (S. 42); Fendl, Josef: Die SĂŒnchinger haben wunderbare Hilf erlangt (S. 44); Hotter, Hans: Der Kreitmaier-Prozeß (S. 46); Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, Franz: Das SĂŒnchinger Schloß (S. 51); Reichl, Josef, Die SĂŒnchinger Kirchen (S. 57); Fendl, Josef: Die Brandkatastrophe von 1859 (S. 59); Fendl, Josef: Die SĂŒnchinger Völkchen im vorigen Jahrhundert (S. 61); Fendl, Josef: Aus der Schulgeschichte SĂŒnchings (S. 62); Jende, Herbert: Geschichtliche Entwicklung der Postanstalt SĂŒnching (S. 68); Zeitler, Walther: SĂŒnching war einmal Eisenbahnknotenpunkt (S. 71); Reichl, Josef: SĂŒnchinger Flurnamen (S. 75); Hermes, Karl: SĂŒnching (S. 79); Fendl, Josef: Die SĂŒnchinger Wappen (S. 95); Zölch, Willi: Wußten Sie, dass ... (S. 96); Frank, Georg: Heimat SĂŒnching (S. 98
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