Agricultura de Precisión en Brasil

La adopción de técnicas y tecnologías precisas para el manejo adecuado del agroecosistema puede reducir significativamente el impacto ambiental, debido a un mejor uso del suelo y a la optimización de la aplicación de fertilizantes y agroquímicos. La agricultura de Precisión (AP) es un sistema integrado de gestión de la información y las tecnologías aplicadas a la explotación agrícola, que se basa en los conceptos de la variabilidad del espacio y el tiempo de los rendimientos de los cultivos y de otros condicionantes de la producción pueden convertirse en un ahorro en recursos. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión bibliográfica de la introducción de la agricultura de precisión en Brasil y sus principales contribuciones en el ámbito agrario del país. El análisis llevado a cabo por varios autores sugirió que la adopción del AP en Brasil estaba ocurriendo lentamente y de manera desigual

INITIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS IN THE PRESENCE OF PLANT EXTRACTS

The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings.The coffee plant can grow together with different plants, but the presence of allelochemicals can affect the crop post-planting. This study aimed to evaluate the early growth of coffee seedlings following treatment with plant extracts from different botanical families. The experimental design used randomized blocks with four trials, in a 7 × 2 factorial scheme; the first factor consisted of aqueous extracts from six species: canola, crotalaria, brachiaria, sunflower, wheat, and lupine; water was used as the control. The second factor comprised of different botanical parts of the aforementioned six species of plant. The extracts were diluted to 5% concentration and were applied at a dose of 20 mL per plant. The agronomic variables analyzed were plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), leaf area index (LAI), leaf dry matter (LDM), root dry matter (RDM), and root length (RL). Compared to the canola extract, the application of brachiaria extract resulted in the best response in PH, regardless of the botanical part that constituted the extract, leading to an increase in PH by 3.77 cm. The agronomic character most sensitive to the application of aqueous extracts was PH, in which the brachiaria extract was prominent in inducing the greatest growth, whereas the canola extract hindered the initial development of Arabica coffee seedlings

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING BETWEEN TROPICAL FODDER PLANTS WITH CORN AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Os sistemas integrados de produção lavoura-pecuária (SIPAs) em associação ao sistema de semeadura direta, sofrem ação do pisoteio animal ou do tráfego intenso de máquinas agrícolas, podendo resultar em alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e manejos das forrageiras tropicais nas propriedades físicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020, em Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR, em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas sub-subdivididas com uma testemunha adicional e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por duas espécies forrageiras consorciadas com o milho: Urochloa brizantha e Magathyrsus maximum, mais a testemunha adicional (milho solteiro). As subparcelas consistiram nos manejos das forrageiras: fenação e pastejo; e nas sub-subparcelas, a presença ou ausência de adubação nitrogenada. Foram determinadas: densidade do solo (Ds), porosidade total (Pt), macro (Ma) e microporosidade (Mi), além da resistência do solo à penetração (Rp). A utilização de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura nas forrageiras após os manejos, aumentou a quantidade de Ma na camada de 0-0,05 m para o primeiro ano. Os valores de Ds estão acima do limite considerado crítico para o desenvolvimento das plantas, porém, com tendência à redução. A adoção do SIPA, independente da espécie forrageira utilizada e manejo adotado, seja fenação ou pastejo, não comprometeu a qualidade física do solo, sendo assim, uma ótima alternativa para a diversificação da produção na propriedade.The use of diversified crop systems within the same area has received attention as an alternative to monoculture and benefits soil and yield. This study evaluates the effect of nitrogen fertilization and tropical fodder plants on soil physical properties. The experiment was conducted between October 2017 and January 2020 under randomized blocks design, arranged in a sub-sub plot scheme, with additional control and four repetitions. The plots contained fodder species (Urochloa brizantha and Megathyrsus maximus) intercropped with corn and the additional control (single corn). The subplots comprised the types of fodder plants management (haymaking and grazing), and the sub-sub plots contained the presence or absence of nitrogen fertilization. The following characteristics were evaluated: soil density (Ds), total porosity (Pt), macro (Ma) and microporosity (Mi), and soil resistance to penetration (Rp). After the management, the use of nitrogen (N) in topdressing of fodder plants increased Ma in the 0-0.05 m layer in the first year. Ds was above the critical limit for plant development. However, it tended to reduce. Adopting an integrated crop-livestock system, independently of the fodder species and the type of management used, did not compromise soil physical quality. Thus, it is an excellent alternative to diversity production

EFFECT OF INTERCROPPING BETWEEN TROPICAL FODDER PLANTS WITH CORN AND NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Os sistemas integrados de produção lavoura-pecuária (SIPAs) em associação ao sistema de semeadura direta, sofrem ação do pisoteio animal ou do tráfego intenso de máquinas agrícolas, podendo resultar em alterações nas propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação nitrogenada e manejos das forrageiras tropicais nas propriedades físicas do solo. O experimento foi realizado entre outubro de 2017 e janeiro de 2020, em Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR, em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas sub-subdivididas com uma testemunha adicional e quatro repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas por duas espécies forrageiras consorciadas com o milho: Urochloa brizantha e Magathyrsus maximum, mais a testemunha adicional (milho solteiro). As subparcelas consistiram nos manejos das forrageiras: fenação e pastejo; e nas sub-subparcelas, a presença ou ausência de adubação nitrogenada. Foram determinadas: densidade do solo (Ds), porosidade total (Pt), macro (Ma) e microporosidade (Mi), além da resistência do solo à penetração (Rp). A utilização de nitrogênio (N) em cobertura nas forrageiras após os manejos, aumentou a quantidade de Ma na camada de 0-0,05 m para o primeiro ano. Os valores de Ds estão acima do limite considerado crítico para o desenvolvimento das plantas, porém, com tendência à redução. A adoção do SIPA, independente da espécie forrageira utilizada e manejo adotado, seja fenação ou pastejo, não comprometeu a qualidade física do solo, sendo assim, uma ótima alternativa para a diversificação da produção na propriedade.The use of diversified crop systems within the same area has received attention as an alternative to monoculture and benefits soil and yield. This study evaluates the effect of nitrogen fertilization and tropical fodder plants on soil physical properties. The experiment was conducted between October 2017 and January 2020 under randomized blocks design, arranged in a sub-sub plot scheme, with additional control and four repetitions. The plots contained fodder species (Urochloa brizantha and Megathyrsus maximus) intercropped with corn and the additional control (single corn). The subplots comprised the types of fodder plants management (haymaking and grazing), and the sub-sub plots contained the presence or absence of nitrogen fertilization. The following characteristics were evaluated: soil density (Ds), total porosity (Pt), macro (Ma) and microporosity (Mi), and soil resistance to penetration (Rp). After the management, the use of nitrogen (N) in topdressing of fodder plants increased Ma in the 0-0.05 m layer in the first year. Ds was above the critical limit for plant development. However, it tended to reduce. Adopting an integrated crop-livestock system, independently of the fodder species and the type of management used, did not compromise soil physical quality. Thus, it is an excellent alternative to diversity production

Decomposition of oat straw and release of macronutrients in different managements

The present work was aimed in order to evaluate the decomposition process of remaining straw from oat cultivars submitted to different handling during the cultivation of corn for silage intercropped with Urochloa brizantha cv. MG13 Braúna. We considered nine oat cultivars named as follows: "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" oat hay (61F), "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" pasture (61P), "IAPAR 61 IBIPORÃ" cover crop (61SM), "Embrapa 139 (Fog)" oat hay (139F),"Embrapa 139 (Fog)" pasture (139P)," Embrapa 139 (Fog)" cover crop (139SM), "Emerald IPR 126" oat hay (EF), "Emerald IPR 126" grazed (EP) and "Emerald IPR 126" cover crop (ESM) from which we evaluated the decomposition of the remaining straw using the method of litter bags. The evaluations were carried out at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 108 days after sowing corn for silage intercropped with Brizantha brachiaria cv. MG13 Braúna (Urochloa brizantha). Every oat cultivar had three repetitions arranged in a split-plot design. We took into account the quantity of straw, organic matter, carbon, nitrogen, carbon / nitrogen ratio, phosphorus and potassium. The results we got clarify that oat decomposition rate varied with the meteorological factors and initial mass, so that the greater the initial mass is, the longer the straw permanency and mulch effectiveness on the soil. The time the residual oat straw took to be decomposed depended on meteorological factors both during the cover crop developmental stage and the decomposition period itself. The higher the initial mass, the greater the time and effectiveness of mulching

CYCLING OF WINTER FORAGE NUTRIENTS UNDER INTEGRATED CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS

This study aimed to evaluate the decomposition and release of nutrients from the remaining straw of two annual forage species conducted in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS). The experimental design used was randomized blocks, in split plots, with three replicates. The managements were allocated in the plots (52 m2): without grazing, one grazing, and two grazings. Subplots were defined by material collection times after the forage’s desiccation (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 days after desiccation). Dry matter yield, amounts of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, and half-life time were evaluated. Oat cultivar IPR Esmeralda had the highest initial dry matter yield (6,099 kg ha-1) when not grazed, while triticale cultivar IPR 111 showed the highest average values when subjected to grazing (8,088 kg ha-1). The amounts of N, P, and K released from the remaining dry matter, regardless of the management adopted, decreased over time. Potassium was the nutrient that presented the most accelerated release, with an average half-life of 14 days. When subjected to grazing, triticale is more efficient in nutrient cycling, providing 197, 38, and 231 kg ha-1 of N, P, and K, respectively, with a half-life time of 10, 37, and 25 days, respectively. Forage species can improve the cycling of nutrients and make them available to crops in succession in the ICLS

Fruit culture growth in Northeast Brazil and its relationship with work

Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector in the Northeast region of Brazil. Thus, constituting historical series obtained from SIDRA-IBGE. The selected crops were coconut, mango and grape between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however, in mango and grape cultures there was no increase in the area. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut-da-baia crop has a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of schooling of women both at national and regional level, there was a linear growth and higher than that of men, however there was a discrepancy in salary between genders even though women had a higher level of schooling.Fruit growing in Brazil enhances regional development, as it generates income and absorbs local labor. The Brazilian Northeast presents ideal edaphoclimatic conditions for the development of several fruit trees, mainly in irrigated areas. The objective was to analyze the educational level and the relationship between the wages of men and women employed in the fruit sector, in the Northeast region of Brazil. The selected crops were those of coconut, mango and grape, between the years 2001 to 2018; literacy rate and level of education in Brazil and the northeast region, the relationship between male and female genders, percentage of women in formal jobs in the years 2004 to 2015 and average monthly income in Brazil and the Northeast region and male and female genders in the years 2012 to 2015. There was a reduction in the area cultivated with coconut, however there was no increase in the area for mango and grape crops. Regarding the harvested area, the coconut crop showed a larger cultivated area, however, this area has been gradually reduced. In mango and grape crops, no variations were detected in the harvested areas. As for the average production, the grape crop has higher productivity. In the percentage of formal jobs, literacy and level of education of women, both nationally and regionally, there was a linear growth and higher than those of men. It is concluded that between men and women in the Northeast region, the salary difference was R$ 354.00, even with women with a higher educational level

Implicações do sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária sob os atributos físicos do solo / Implications of integrated crop-livestock system under physical soil attributes

Embora os sistemas integrados de produção agrícola em sistema de plantio direto seja uma prática viavel de produção, há poucas informações acerca dos efeitos da presença animal sobre as propriedades físicas do solo. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho sob sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária submetido a diferentes densidades de semeadura e manejos de pastejos da aveia preta. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento de blocos casualizados em esquema de faixas, com testemunha adicional e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas densidades de semeadura de aveia (40 e 60 kg ha-1) nas faixas A e diferentes manejos (sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos) nas faixas B, além da testemunha. Amostras indeformadas foram coletadas para determinação da macroporosidade (Ma), microporosidade (Mi), porosidade total (Pt) e densidade do solo, nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10 e 10-20 cm, e a resistência do solo à penetração (RP) de 5 em 5 cm até 40 cm de profundidade. As avaliações foram realizadas após os manejos da aveia e após a colheita da soja. A menor densidade de semeadura promoveu aumentos sobre a Pt na camada de 10-20 cm, após a colheita da soja. A densidade de semeadura de 40 kg ha-1 associada ao manejo sem pastejo apresentou a maior Ds. O sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária não compromete a qualidade física do solo

Componentes agronômicos e nutrição mineral de soja cultivada após doses elevadas de calcário calcítico.

A soja é uma cultura de destaque e tem grande potencial, mas que pode ser afetada pela toxidez por alumínio presente na maioria dos solos brasileiro. Diante disso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de doses elevadas de calcário calcítico sob as características agronômicas da cultura, bem como a influência na absorção dos nutrientes Ca, Mg e K em plantas de soja em duas safras agrícolas no município de Marechal Cândido Rondon. O estudo foi desenvolvido na área experimental da UNIOESTE, campus Marechal Candido Rondon, em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico empregando doses de calcário calcítico (0, 3, 6 e 9 t ha-1) distribuído a lanço sem incorporação. Observou-se efeitos das doses em dois anos agrícolas 2017/2018 e 2018/2019 quando foram avaliados caracteres agronômicos altura de plantas, número de plantas por hectare, diâmetro do caule, número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta, massa de mil grãos, produtividade e os teores de nutrientes foliares. Não houve influência das doses de calcário calcítico nas características agronômicas da cultura da soja. Pode ser observado influência das doses de calcário calcítico no acúmulo nutricional de Ca no tecido foliar na dose de 6 t ha-¹. As doses de calcário calcítico proporcionaram redução nos teores de K. O Mg foi influenciado apenas pelo ano agrícola, apresentando maior acúmulo em plantas no segundo ano agrícola.