Does food retail access influence dietary intake?

This cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether dietary intake is associated with food retailing. 5044 adults aged 16-97 years completed a 134-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), from which three dietary indices were derived. Data on 33 retailed foods were obtained from 560 food stores in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. Poorer people lived closer to stores selling a wider range of foods. Fresh fruits and vegetables were more costly in more affluent areas. Higher fat and lower fruit and vegetable intake, poorer dietary knowledge, more frequently shopping at discount and convenience stores, and travel by foot or public transport, were all more common among less affluent households. In multilevel regression analyses, no area level variables were associated with variation in dietary indices, which was most strongly associated with lifestyle variables and dietary knowledge. Retail access to healthy foods is important for a healthy diet. However, where such access is uniformly good, dietary quality is most importantly associated with lifestyle choices, which are driven by dietary knowledge and socio-economic factors. Interventions to improve diet need to focus on the knowledge and behaviours needed to acquire, prepare and consume a healthy diet, as well as the economic means to do so

The Early History and Recent Trends in Iowa Herpetology

Herpetological exploration of Iowa began in 1823 with Long\u27s expedition to the Rocky Mountains. From that time until an 1892 publication by Osborn based on Iowa specimens, herpetological research in the state was minor and incidental. Several significant reports appeared after that date involving analysis of Iowa specimens and from 1938 to 1944 a major base-line collection of the amphibians and reptiles of Iowa was established. Studies after that time have added a few species to Iowa’s known herpetofauna but recently have concentrated not only on composition of the fauna and distribution, but emphasized population changes, ecological relationships, and better understanding of life historie

Investigation of Group Vs Individual Processing of Accounting Information

Business Adruinistratio

Principles of Accounting -22/E

As the leader in pedagogical innovation, Principles of Accounting 22 edition, introduce the next step in the evolution of accounting textbooks. Through discussions at the Blue Sky Workshops and other instructor interactions, this edition is closer than ever the becoming the “perfect“ accounting text. To help guide students, the author revised and focused the chapter objectives and developed key learning outcomes related to each chapter objectives. All aspect of the chapter content and end – of – chapter exercises and problems connect back to these objectives and related outcomes. In doing so, student can test their understanding and quickly locate concept to review

Variable prey development time suppresses predator-prey cycles and enhances stability

© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd/CNRS. Although theoretical models have demonstrated that predator-prey population dynamics can depend critically on age (stage) structure and the duration and variability in development times of different life stages, experimental support for this theory is non-existent. We conducted an experiment with a host-parasitoid system to test the prediction that increased variability in the development time of the vulnerable host stage can promote interaction stability. Host-parasitoid microcosms were subjected to two treatments: Normal and High variance in the duration of the vulnerable host stage. In control and Normal-variance microcosms, hosts and parasitoids exhibited distinct population cycles. In contrast, insect abundances were 18-24% less variable in High- than Normal-variance microcosms. More significantly, periodicity in host-parasitoid population dynamics disappeared in the High-variance microcosms. Simulation models confirmed that stability in High-variance microcosms was sufficient to prevent extinction. We conclude that developmental variability is critical to predator-prey population dynamics and could be exploited in pest-management programs

Lab and Field Evaluation of Fault Detection and Diagnostics for Advanced Roof Top Unit

In this paper, the results of lab and field evaluation of several RTU FDD technologies will be presented and discussed. The focus the study was on RTUs that provide cooling of small and medium commercial buildings. This work was conducted by UTRC in close collaboration Purdue University within Consortium for Building Energy Innovation (CBEI). The goal of the lab activity was to engineer and assess low-cost, embeddable fault detection and diagnostics (FDD) for a new RTU product that exceeds DOE\u27s High Performance RTU performance specification. Primary focus of evaluation was on overall unit performance degradation (COP and capacity) resulted from single and multiple operational faults. High confidence and low false alarm rate of COP degradation were demonstrated. The cost effectiveness of FDD will be discussed. Due to high interest and close engagement of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and National Account Customer field evaluation of FDD became possible. Several commercial sited with state-of-the-art RTUs were instrumented for continues monitoring of RTU performance and assessment of frequency of typical operational faults. Also some operational faults are intentionally injected in order evaluate FDD effectiveness. Several levels of FDD applicable in the field will be discussed

Laboratory Tests in the Development of WaveCat

WaveCat, a novel overtopping Wave Energy Converter, was tested with the aim of determining its performance under different sea states, establishing a starting point for optimisation of the device, numerical model validation and proof-of-concept for the control systems. The tests were carried out at a 1:30 scale in the Ocean Basin of the COAST Laboratory at University of Plymouth. A state-of-the-art control system was implemented, and overtopping rates and device motions were recorded alongside the wave field. It was observed that power generation is dependent on both the wave height and period, with smaller periods tending to produce greater overtopping rates, and therefore greater power generation, for the same wave height. Due to time constraints in the laboratory, only one configuration of draft/freeboard was tested; with this configuration, overtopping occurred under significant wave heights of 0.083 m or more, corresponding to 2.5 m or more in prototype values. These experimental results form the basis for future development and optimisation of WaveCat