Experiences in the design and support of a graphics-deivce-driver interface

The Common Graphics System (CGS) was developed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and has been in use since early 1977. A standard device driver interface was defined for graphics device drivers and for use by user-callable graphics subroutine packages. A description of the existing CGS device driver interface, experience gained by using it, and a proposal for an extended interface capable of supporting more powerful graphics devices is given. The relationship between the CGS device driver interface and the CGS Metafile is disucssed

Current-Induced Effects in Nanoscale Conductors

We present an overview of current-induced effects in nanoscale conductors with emphasis on their description at the atomic level. In particular, we discuss steady-state current fluctuations, current-induced forces, inelastic scattering and local heating. All of these properties are calculated in terms of single-particle wavefunctions computed using a scattering approach within the static density-functional theory of many-electron systems. Examples of current-induced effects in atomic and molecular wires will be given and comparison with experimental results will be provided when available.Comment: revtex, 10 pages, 8 figure

Green function techniques in the treatment of quantum transport at the molecular scale

The theoretical investigation of charge (and spin) transport at nanometer length scales requires the use of advanced and powerful techniques able to deal with the dynamical properties of the relevant physical systems, to explicitly include out-of-equilibrium situations typical for electrical/heat transport as well as to take into account interaction effects in a systematic way. Equilibrium Green function techniques and their extension to non-equilibrium situations via the Keldysh formalism build one of the pillars of current state-of-the-art approaches to quantum transport which have been implemented in both model Hamiltonian formulations and first-principle methodologies. We offer a tutorial overview of the applications of Green functions to deal with some fundamental aspects of charge transport at the nanoscale, mainly focusing on applications to model Hamiltonian formulations.Comment: Tutorial review, LaTeX, 129 pages, 41 figures, 300 references, submitted to Springer series "Lecture Notes in Physics

Erratum: Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Interpretation: By quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning

Search for long-lived neutral particles in pp collisions at s√=13 TeV that decay into displaced hadronic jets in the ATLAS calorimeter

This paper describes a search for pairs of neutral, long-lived particles decaying in the ATLAS calorimeter. Long-lived particles occur in many extensions to the Standard Model and may elude searches for new promptly decaying particles. The analysis considers neutral, long-lived scalars with masses between 5 and 400 GeV, produced from decays of heavy bosons with masses between 125 and 1000 GeV, where the long-lived scalars decay into Standard Model fermions. The analysis uses either 10.8 fb−1 or 33.0 fb−1 of data (depending on the trigger) recorded in 2016 at the LHC with the ATLAS detector in proton–proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. No significant excess is observed, and limits are reported on the production cross section times branching ratio as a function of the proper decay length of the long-lived particles

After ten years of metafiles: Where does the Computer Graphics Metafile fit

This paper discusses the need at Los Alamos National Laboratory for the Computer Graphics Metafile standard and supporting software. A brief history of metafile usage at Los Alamos is given. This is followed by an overview of our computing environment and a description of our computer graphics system. Issues we face in making the transition from our metafile to a system supporting the Computer Graphics Metafile and related graphics standards is then discussed. Our present graphics software was designed to address specific needs at Los Alamos. The transition to the Computer Graphics Metafile and other related standards can take place only when these needs are met, hopefully in the marketplace. 6 refs., 2 figs

Review of the ANSI metafile and virtual device interface standardization activities

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is developing several graphics standards. Two of these standards, the Virtual Device Metafile and the Virtual Device Interface, are reviewed. The purpose, basic concepts, and philosophy of these standards are discussed and contrasted with current practice and the proposed Graphical Kernel System Standard. The proposed Virtual Device Metafile has been accepted by the International Standards Organization as a new WG2 work item

Metafile for efficient sequential and random display of graphics

Graphics metafiles have been in use at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) since early 1977. The first metafile format was defined in 1976 and has been revised several times to provide efficient graphics support in the LANL computing environment. Objectives and current applications of the Common Graphics System (CGS) Metafile are given. Details of the format and the random access techniques incorporated in the CGS Metafile are described