Beyond the Cemetery Walls: Cultural and Socioeconomic Repression in Francoist Spain (1936-1951)

El presente artículo pretende abordar de manera conjunta los perfiles de la represión franquista. El franquismo, como otros regímenes dictatoriales de la Europa de entreguerras, no puede entenderse sin el control social y la represión que ejercieron contra los sectores más desafectos de las sociedades sobre las que se construyeron. Por ello, para comprender los asesinatos cometidos en las tapias de los cementerios debemos mirar más allá. Así, se concibe la represión física, cultural y socioeconómica de manera integrada y complementaria, contribuyendo a ofrecer una explicación más sólida y compleja de la represión franquista. Para tal fin, se analizan en detalle la represión cultural y socioeconómica durante los años del primer franquismo.This article aims to deal with jointly the conception of Francoist repression. Like other dictatorial regimes of interwar Europe, Francoism cannot be understood without the social control and the repression exerted over the disaffected sectors of the society they established over. Thus, to understand the killings committed in the cemetery walls we should see beyond physical repression. Thereby, physical, cultural and socioeconomic repression are conceived in an integrated and complementary way, offering a more solid and complex explanation of Francoist repression. To this end, cultural and socioeconomic repression are analysed in the first years of Francoism

Effects of begging on growth rates of nestling chicks

We investigated whether an increase in begging levels delays growth of chicks. In experiment 1, we hand-reared nine pairs of ring dove squabs, divided into a control and a begging group. All squabs received similar amounts of food, but those in the begging group had to beg for a prolonged period in order to be fed, while squabs in the control group received food without begging. Squabs stopped responding to the treatment after 10 days and, at that time, there was no effect of induced begging on their body mass. In experiment 2, we hand-reared 27 pairs of magpie chicks for 3 days. The design of experiment 2 was similar to that of experiment 1. Daily food intake and begging affected growth rates. On average, chicks in the begging group grew 0.8 g/day less than control chicks, which represents a decrease of 8.15% in growth rate. Because growth is usually positively associated with expected fitness, this demonstrates that begging is a costly behavior, an assumption routinely made in models of begging behavior.Peer Reviewe

Translation without eiF2 promoted by poliovirus 2A protease

Poliovirus RNA utilizes eIF2 for the initiation of translation in cell free systems. Remarkably, we now describe that poliovirus translation takes place at late times of infection when eIF2 is inactivated by phosphorylation. By contrast, translation directed by poliovirus RNA is blocked when eIF2 is inactivated at earlier times. Thus, poliovirus RNA translation exhibits a dual mechanism for the initiation of protein synthesis as regards to the requirement for eIF2. Analysis of individual poliovirus non-structural proteins indicates that the presence of 2Apro alone is sufficient to provide eIF2 independence for IRES-driven translation. This effect is not observed with a 2Apro variant unable to cleave eIF4G. The level of 2Apro synthesized in culture cells is crucial for obtaining eIF2 independence. Expression of the N-or C-terminus fragments of eIF4G did not stimulate IRES-driven translation, nor provide eIF2 independence, consistent with the idea that the presence of 2Apro at high concentrations is necessary. The finding that 2Apro provides eIF2-independent translation opens a new and unsuspected area of research in the field of picornavirus protein synthesis. © 2011 Redondo et al.This study was supported by a DGICYT (Direccion General de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnica. Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia. SPAIN) grant (BFU2009-07352). NR and EW are holders of FPI (Formación de Personal Investigador) and FPU (Formación de Profesorado Universitario) fellowships, respectively. The Institutional Grant awarded to the Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa’’ by the Fundacio´n Ramo´n Areces is acknowledgedPeer Reviewe

Translation of viral mRNA without active eIF2: The case of picornaviruses

Previous work by several laboratories has established that translation of picornavirus RNA requires active eIF2α for translation in cell free systems or after transfection in culture cells. Strikingly, we have found that encephalomyocarditis virus protein synthesis at late infection times is resistant to inhibitors that induce the phosphorylation of eIF2α whereas translation of encephalomyocarditis virus early during infection is blocked upon inactivation of eIF2α by phosphorylation induced by arsenite. The presence of this compound during the first hour of infection leads to a delay in the appearance of late protein synthesis in encephalomyocarditis virus-infected cells. Depletion of eIF2α also provokes a delay in the kinetics of encephalomyocarditis virus protein synthesis, whereas at late times the levels of viral translation are similar in control or eIF2α-depleted HeLa cells. Immunofluorescence analysis reveals that eIF2α, contrary to eIF4GI, does not colocalize with ribosomes or with encephalomyocarditis virus 3D polymerase. Taken together, these findings support the novel idea that eIF2 is not involved in the translation of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA during late infection. Moreover, other picornaviruses such as foot-and-mouth disease virus, mengovirus and poliovirus do not require active eIF2α when maximal viral translation is taking place. Therefore, translation of picornavirus RNA may exhibit a dual mechanism as regards the participation of eIF2. This factor would be necessary to translate the input genomic RNA, but after viral RNA replication, the mechanism of viral RNA translation switches to one independent of eIF2. © 2011 Welnowska et al.Direccion General de Investigacion Científica y Técnica (DGICYT) (BFU2009-07352) and the Institutional Grant awarded to the Centro de Biología Molecular >Severo Ochoa> by the Fundación Ramón ArecesPeer Reviewe

Association of socioeconomic deprivation with life expectancy and all‑cause mortality in Spain, 2011–2013

Life tables summarise a population’s mortality experience during a time period. Sex- and agespecific life tables are needed to compute various cancer survival measures. However, mortality rates vary according to socioeconomic status. We present sex- and age-specific life tables based on socioeconomic status at the census tract level in Spain during 2011–2013 that will allow estimating cancer relative survival estimates and life expectancy measures by socioeconomic status. Population and mortality data were obtained from the Spanish Statistical Office. Socioeconomic level was measured using the Spanish Deprivation Index by census tract. We produced sex- and age-specific life expectancies at birth by quintiles of deprivation, and life tables by census tract and province. Life expectancy at birth was higher among women than among men. Women and men in the most deprived census tracts in Spain lived 3.2 and 3.8 years less than their counterparts in the least deprived areas. A higher life expectancy in the northern regions of Spain was discovered. Life expectancy was higher in provincial capitals than in rural areas. We found a significant life expectancy gap and geographical variation by sex and socioeconomic status in Spain. The gap was more pronounced among men than among women. Understanding the association between life expectancy and socioeconomic status could help in developing appropriate public health programs. Furthermore, the life tables we produced are needed to estimate cancer specific survival measures by socioeconomic status. Therefore, they are important for cancer control in Spain.Instituto de Salud Carlos III European Commission PI18/01593 CP17/00206-EU/FEDERAsociacion Espanola Contra el Cancer (AECC) PROYE20023SANCCancer Epidemiological Surveillance Subprogram (VICA) from the CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Publica (CIBERESP) from the Instituto de Salud Carlos II

Technical criteria for the construction and operation of the Seiasa water reservoir

[SPA] SEIASA, Sociedad Mercantil Estatal de Infraestructuras Agrarias, S.A. ha construido, en el marco de los convenios de modernización de regadíos establecidos con las Comunidades de Regantes, 156 balsas y actualmente están en construcción otras cinco. De estas balsas SEIASA es el titular. De la experiencia obtenida en la elaboración de los proyectos, la dirección de las obras y la explotación de las mismas, podemos extraer y compartir algunos criterios que pueden contribuir a la construcción y explotación de balsas más seguras. Sin ser exhaustivos expondremos los criterios constructivos fundamentales y las líneas generales del seguimiento de la explotación de las balsas. Repasando las principales causas de colapso observadas establecemos los criterios seguidos para la construcción y las pautas en la observación de los puntos críticos de las infraestructuras. [ENG] SEIASA, Sociedad Mercantil Estatal de Infraestructuras Agrarias, S.A. has built, within the framework of the irrigation modernisation agreements established with the Irrigation Communities, 156 water reservoirs and another five are currently under construction. SEIASA is the owner of these reservoirs. From the experience gained in the preparation of the projects, the management of the works and their operation, we can extract and share some criteria that can contribute to the construction and operation of safer reservoirs. Without being exhaustive, we will outline the fundamental construction criteria and the general guidelines for monitoring the operation of ponds. Reviewing the main causes of collapse observed, we establish the criteria followed for construction and the guidelines for observing the critical points of the infrastructures

Problemas bioéticos y legales de la dieta vegana en la infancia, consideraciones nutricionales sobre ésta dieta.

El incremento del número de familias con dietas vegetarianas y veganas en los países occidentales puede generar problemas éticos y legales, yasimismo, constituyen un reto para los profesionales de la salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las posibles discriminaciones de los niños en el ámbito social, los problemas legales de los padres que eligen estas dietas y describir los requisitos básicos nutricionales de una dieta vegana o vegetariana para que los niños tengan un estado de salud óptimo.El vegetarianismo es una posición ética que busca vivir respetando los derechos de los animales. Estas cuestiones han tomarse en consideración por el profesional Dietista-Nutricionista, que tiene la obligación de ejercer su profesión con respeto a los valores específicos de las personas, tal como recoge su Código Deontológico.En nuestra Constitución se reconoce la libertad ideológica, pero ésta tiene sus límites las demás personas. En nuestra jurisprudencia se entiende que el vegetarianismo es una ideología, pero prima el derecho a la protección del menor, y las medidas de protección implican no solo a la Justicia sino también a los profesionales de la salud.En las dietas vegetarianas, se estudia las aportaciones de alimentos recomendados para cubrir las necesidades nutricionales y los nutrientesrequeridos para cada edad; y añadiendo, en su caso, los suplementos nutricionales necesarios, todo ello basado en la evidencia científica.Concluyendo, la sociedad debe ser tolerante ante el modus vivendi vegetariano, y adoptar medidas concretas para posibilitarlo. En el ámbito legal, en caso de conflicto entre los progenitores relativos a la alimentación, prima el interés del menor. En la nutrición infantil la dieta vegana no interfiere en el normal desarrollo de los niños y previene enfermedades, siempre bajo la supervisión de los profesionales de la salud.Palabras clave: vegano, vegetariano, infancia, bioética, jurisprudencia, suplementación.<br /

Evolución de los procesos de diagnosis electrónica en el automóvil

El objetivo de este proyecto se basa en hacer un análisis de la trayectoria que han llevado y llevarán los procesos de diagnosis de diagnosis electrónica en el automóvil