40 research outputs found

    Food waste in cities: an urban metabolism approach applied to Paris and Île-de-France

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    Trotz seiner hohen Stellung auf der politischen Tagesordnung wurde das massive Wegwerfen von Essen, das insbesondere in den reichen LĂ€ndern dokumentiert ist, in Studien ĂŒber stĂ€dtischen Metabolismus bisher wenig beachtet. Ziel dieser interdisziplinĂ€ren Dissertation ist es, eine Methode zur Mengenbestimmung des stĂ€dtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus zu entwickeln und verschiedene Faktoren zu untersuchen, die das Wegwerfen von Essen beeinflussen. In der Dissertation wird zuerst der stĂ€dtische Lebensmittelmetabolismus beschrieben und mengenmĂ€ĂŸig bestimmt. Dieser quantitative Teil stĂŒtzt sich auf eine Fallstudie ĂŒber die französische Hauptstadt Paris und die umliegenden Gebiete innerhalb der Île-de-France Region im Jahr 2014. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, wie groß der Strom der LebensmittelabfĂ€lle ist. 19% und 22% der Menge an Lebensmitteln, ohne GetrĂ€nke, zur Versorgung der essenden Bevölkerung in Paris Petite Couronne und Île-de-France sind LebensmittelabfĂ€lle. . Ein Teil dieser AbfĂ€lle, nĂ€mlich der aus weggeworfenem Essen, könnte vermieden werden, wenn Essen anders gehandhabt wĂŒrde. Das VerstĂ€ndnis des stĂ€dtischen Metabolismus wird bereichert, wenn er eingebettet in kulturelle Praktiken und soziale Institutionen betrachtet wird. Der LiteraturĂŒberblick zeigt, dass das Wegwerfen von Essen zu Hause und außer Haus nicht alleine eine Folge individueller Handlungen ist, sondern von Praktiken unter dem Einfluss gesellschaftlicher Prozesse. Im Gegensatz dazu berĂŒcksichtigt Politik weder die systemischen ZĂŒge des stĂ€dtischen Lebensmittelmetabolismus, noch die VerknĂŒpfung zwischen Essen und Abfall und auch nicht die zahlreichen Faktoren, die das Wegwerfen von Essen bedingen oder fördern. Forschungsbedarf besteht darin zu untersuchen, wie Gesellschaften der Einladung weniger Essen wegzuwerfen gegenĂŒberstehen, wenn der Konsumkontext von Überversorgung und vermeintlichem Überfluss geprĂ€gt ist und das Wegwerfen von Essen weitestgehend unsichtbar bleibt.Although it is a priority on the political agenda, the massive generation of food waste reported for high-income societies has been largely neglected in urban metabolism research. The aim of this interdisciplinary PhD thesis is to develop a method to quantitatively analyse urban societies’ food metabolism and its determinants with respect to food waste. The thesis’ main focus is on characterizing and quantifying the urban food metabolism. This quantitative part looks at case studies of the French capital Paris and its neighbouring areas of the Île-de-France region, in the year 2014. The results show that the urban food metabolism of Paris and its region is characterized by significant levels of food waste. 19% and 22% of food, excluding drink, ended up uneaten and turned to food waste in the food supply of the eating population in Paris Petite Couronne and Île-de-France, respectively. Moreover, little food waste was collected separately from other waste and recycled. Part of this food waste could be avoided, as it initially was food that could have been saved and used for human consumption, had it been handled differently. The urban metabolism becomes more legible when it is recognized as embedded in cultural practices and social institutions, another focus in this thesis. At the consumption stage, the literature review demonstrates that food waste is not only the result of individual action, but of practices shaped by broader societal processes. Inappropriately, current food waste reduction policies consider neither the systemic characteristics of the urban food metabolism, nor the interconnectedness between food and waste, nor yet the multiple determinants of food waste origin. Avenues for research include inquiry into how societies respond to the opportunity to reduce food waste, when the context is one of oversupply and perceived abundance of food, and a still largely invisible phenomenon of food waste.Le mĂ©tabolisme urbain dĂ©signe l’ensemble des flux d’énergie et de matiĂšres mis en jeu par le fonctionnement d’une ville ; il constitue une dĂ©clinaison localisĂ©e du mĂ©tabolisme social. La quantification et l’analyse de ces flux sont cruciales pour la dĂ©finition de politiques qui visent Ă  rĂ©duire la consommation de ressources et la production des dĂ©chets. MalgrĂ© sa mise Ă  l’agenda politique, la gĂ©nĂ©ration massive des pertes, gaspillages et dĂ©chets alimentaires, documentĂ©e en particulier dans les pays des Nords, n’a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©e qu’à la marge dans les recherches sur le mĂ©tabolisme urbain. L’objectif de cette thĂšse interdisciplinaire est de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thode de quantification du mĂ©tabolisme alimentaire urbain et d’analyser ses dĂ©terminants en lien avec les pertes, gaspillages et dĂ©chets alimentaires. La thĂšse aborde en premier lieu la caractĂ©risation et la quantification du mĂ©tabolisme alimentaire urbain. Cette partie quantitative s’appuie sur une Ă©tude de cas de la capitale française, Paris, et des territoires adjacents de la rĂ©gion Île-de-France, en 2014. Elle repose sur le dĂ©veloppement d’un outil de quantification hybride associant analyse de flux de matiĂšre (AFM) et analyse du systĂšme alimentaire, sur la dĂ©finition de la population qui mange (infĂ©rieure en taille Ă  la population rĂ©sidente), et sur la compilation de plusieurs jeux de donnĂ©es, dont certains n’avaient pas Ă©tĂ© mobilisĂ©s Ă  ce jour. Les rĂ©sultats montrent l’importance du flux de dĂ©chets alimentaires. Une part de 19% et 22% des denrĂ©es alimentaires, hors boissons, qui approvisionnent la population qui mange Ă  Paris Petite Couronne, d’une part, et en Île-de-France, d’autre part, n’est pas consommĂ©e et devient un dĂ©chet ; une faible partie est par ailleurs collectĂ©e sĂ©parĂ©ment pour ĂȘtre recyclĂ©e. L’étape de la consommation seule, Ă  domicile et hors foyer, y contribue de façon significative. Une partie de ces dĂ©chets alimentaires pourrait ĂȘtre Ă©vitĂ©e par la rĂ©duction des pertes et gaspillages et une meilleure gestion de la nourriture. Le mĂ©tabolisme urbain devient plus lisible lorsqu’on reconnait qu’il est intĂ©grĂ© dans des pratiques culturelles et des institutions sociales, deuxiĂšme aspect abordĂ© dans la thĂšse. La revue de la littĂ©rature montre qu’au stade de la consommation, les pertes et gaspillages ne sont pas seulement le rĂ©sultat d’actions individuelles, mais de pratiques sous influence de processus sociaux plus larges, comme des changements de styles de vie et de normes de consommation dans des sociĂ©tĂ©s Ă  revenu Ă©levĂ©. A l’opposĂ©, les politiques de rĂ©duction des pertes et gaspillages ne tiennent compte ni des caractĂ©ristiques systĂ©miques du mĂ©tabolisme alimentaire urbain, ni de l’interconnexion entre nourriture et dĂ©chets, ni mĂȘme des multiples dĂ©terminants Ă  l’origine des pertes et gaspillages. Des pistes de recherche consistent Ă  explorer la question de savoir comment les sociĂ©tĂ©s rĂ©pondent Ă  l’opportunitĂ© de rĂ©duire les pertes et gaspillages, lorsque le contexte est celui d’un sur-approvisionnement, d’une supposĂ©e abondance et d’un phĂ©nomĂšne des pertes et gaspillages largement invisible. Les Ă©tudes culturelles peuvent aider Ă  comprendre comment les sociĂ©tĂ©s font Ă©voluer leurs pratiques culturelles et leurs institutions Ă  l’égard de la rĂ©duction des pertes et gaspillages dans un contexte de transition socio-Ă©cologique

    Antagonistic regulation controls clathrin-mediated endocytosis: AP2 adaptor facilitation vs restraint from clathrin light chains

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    Orchestration of a complex network of protein interactions drives clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). A central role for the AP2 adaptor complex beyond cargo recognition and clathrin recruitment has emerged in recent years. It is now apparent that AP2 serves as a pivotal hub for protein interactions to mediate clathrin coated pit maturation, and couples lattice formation to membrane deformation. As a key driver for clathrin assembly, AP2 complements the attenuating role of clathrin light chain subunits, which enable dynamic lattice rearrangement needed for budding. This review summarises recent insights into AP2 function with respect to CME dynamics and biophysics, and its relationship to the role of clathrin light chains in clathrin assembly

    Clathrin light chain diversity regulates membrane deformation in vitro and synaptic vesicle formation in vivo

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    Clathrin light chain (CLC) subunits in vertebrates are encoded by paralogous genes CLTA and CLTB, and both gene products are alternatively spliced in neurons. To understand how this CLC diversity influences neuronal clathrin function, we characterized the biophysical properties of clathrin comprising individual CLC variants for correlation with neuronal phenotypes of mice lacking either CLC-encoding gene. CLC splice variants differentially influenced clathrin knee conformation within assemblies, and clathrin with neuronal CLC mixtures was more effective in membrane deformation than clathrin with single neuronal isoforms nCLCa or nCLCb. Correspondingly, electrophysiological recordings revealed that neurons from mice lacking nCLCa or nCLCb were both defective in synaptic vesicle replenishment. Mice with only nCLCb had a reduced synaptic vesicle pool and impaired neurotransmission compared to WT mice, while nCLCa-only mice had increased synaptic vesicle numbers, restoring normal neurotransmission. These findings highlight differences between the CLC isoforms and show that isoform mixing influences tissue-specific clathrin activity in neurons, which requires their functional balance

    Clathrin light chain A drives selective myosin VI recruitment to clathrin-coated pits under membrane tension

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    Clathrin light chains (CLCa and CLCb) are major constituents of clathrin-coated vesicles. Unique functions for these evolutionary conserved paralogs remain elusive, and their role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis in mammalian cells is debated. Here, we find and structurally characterize a direct and selective interaction between CLCa and the long isoform of the actin motor protein myosin VI, which is expressed exclusively in highly polarized tissues. Using genetically-reconstituted Caco-2 cysts as proxy for polarized epithelia, we provide evidence for coordinated action of myosin VI and CLCa at the apical surface where these proteins are essential for fission of clathrin-coated pits. We further find that myosin VI and Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related protein (Hip1R) are mutually exclusive interactors with CLCa, and suggest a model for the sequential function of myosin VI and Hip1R in actin-mediated clathrin-coated vesicle budding

    Regime mapping and the role of the intermediate region in wall-coated microreactors

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    Operation of a wall-coated microreactor can occur in several mass transfer-reaction regimes. We define these regimes analytically in several planes of a multi-parametric map, taking into account the different degrees of concentration profile development, as well as the influence of non-unity orders of reaction and reactant inhibition in the kinetic law. It was found that the regions where conversion can be calculated from simplified mass transfer models are not discriminated by common results for entrance-length. We also illustrate the trade-offs that exist across this operating map concerning the catalyst design (costs associated with loading and volume) and overall system performance (evaluated in terms of reactant conversion, flow efficiency and microreactor effectiveness). It is shown that under certain conditions, the existence of moderate mass transfer resistance can be advantageous (even if internal limitations cannot be avoided), clarifying the role of the intermediate transport-reaction region

    3.9. Pertes et gaspillages alimentaires

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    La lutte contre les pertes et gaspillages alimentaires occupe une place grandissante dans l’espace public et politique. Elle est considĂ©rĂ©e comme un levier important pour orienter nos systĂšmes alimentaires vers plus de durabilitĂ©. Elle contribuerait Ă  relever des dĂ©fis tels que la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire mondiale, le changement climatique, la prĂ©servation des ressources naturelles et des Ă©cosystĂšmes ou l’accĂšs Ă  l’alimentation pour les dĂ©munis. Alors mĂȘme qu’il n’a pas rempli sa fonction initial..

    MĂ©tabolisme associĂ© aux systĂšmes agri-alimentaires : enjeux et diversitĂ© d’approches dans la communautĂ© de recherche française

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    International audienceIn order to better understand how to re-embed agri-food systems in both local areas and planetary boundaries, socio-metabolic research is increasing. They have different origins, but they all agree on the importance of taking into consideration the material and energetic bases of our society’s functioning. The mobilization of this concept of metabolism of societies has unfolded in the field of agri-food systems especially since the 2010s, whereas its origin is much older. This article presents a review of the work in the French research community interested in the metabolism of agri-food systems. Based on a census of 90 publications, we show the diversity of approaches referring to different issues associated with material, biogeochemical, energy, geographical, economic, organization of actors and governance, cultural and social dimensions of social metabolism. These approaches are deployed on a variety of systems, from the global scale to the farm, and with three main types of use: understanding the processes at play and scenarizing transformations; identifying the vulnerabilities of systems; and making the invisible visible for action and public policy. We discuss the position of the French community, particularly in relation to the international community, and propose directions for future research.Dans un contexte de crise Ă©cologique et Ă©nergĂ©tique oĂč il convient de mieux apprĂ©hender comment rĂ©-inscrire les systĂšmes agri-alimentaires Ă  la fois dans les territoires et les limites planĂ©taires, les recherches sur le mĂ©tabolisme des sociĂ©tĂ©s se multiplient. Elles ont diffĂ©rentes origines, mais se rejoignent sur l’importance de prendre en considĂ©ration les bases matĂ©rielles et Ă©nergĂ©tiques du fonctionnement de notre sociĂ©tĂ©. La mobilisation du concept de mĂ©tabolisme des sociĂ©tĂ©s se dĂ©ploie pour apprĂ©hender les systĂšmes agri-alimentaires surtout Ă  partir des annĂ©es 2010, alors que son origine est bien plus ancienne. Cet article propose de prĂ©senter une revue des travaux dans la communautĂ© française s’intĂ©ressant aux systĂšmes agri-alimentaires par des approches socio-mĂ©taboliques. Partant d’un recensement de 90 publications, nous montrons la diversitĂ© des approches renvoyant Ă  diffĂ©rents enjeux associĂ©s Ă  des dimensions matĂ©rielles, biogĂ©ochimiques, Ă©nergĂ©tiques, gĂ©ographiques, Ă©conomiques, d’organisation des acteurs et de gouvernance, culturelles et sociales du mĂ©tabolisme social. Ces approches se dĂ©ploient sur une variĂ©tĂ© de systĂšmes, de l’échelle mondiale Ă  l’exploitation agricole, et avec trois grands types d’usage : comprendre les processus en jeu et scĂ©nariser des transformations ; identifier les vulnĂ©rabilitĂ©s des systĂšmes ; rendre visible l’invisible pour l’action et les politiques publiques. Nous discutons les positionnements de la communautĂ© française, notamment par rapport Ă  la communautĂ© internationale, afin d’en dĂ©gager des perspectives de recherches

    Clathrin's life beyond 40: Connecting biochemistry with physiology and disease

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    Understanding of the range and mechanisms of clathrin functions has developed exponentially since clathrin's discovery in 1975. Here, newly established molecular mechanisms that regulate clathrin activity and connect clathrin pathways to differentiation, disease and physiological processes such as glucose metabolism are reviewed. Diversity and commonalities of clathrin pathways across the tree of life reveal species-specific differences enabling functional plasticity in both membrane traffic and cytokinesis. New structural information on clathrin coat formation and cargo interactions emphasises the interplay between clathrin, adaptor proteins, lipids and cargo, and how this interplay regulates quality control of clathrin’s function and is compromised in infection and neurological disease. Roles for balancing clathrin-mediated cargo transport are defined in stem cell development and additional disease states

    The AP2 adaptor enhances clathrin coat stiffness

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    Deformation of the plasma membrane into clathrin-coated vesicles is a critical step in clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires the orchestrated assembly of clathrin and endocytic adaptors into a membrane-associated protein coat. The individual role of these membrane-bending and curvature-stabilizing factors is subject to current debate. As such, it is unclear whether the clathrin coat itself is stiff enough to impose curvature and if so, whether this could be effectively transferred to the membrane by the linking adaptor proteins. We have recently demonstrated that clathrin alone is sufficient to form membrane buds in vitro. Here, we use atomic force microscopy to assess the contributions of clathrin and its membrane adaptor protein 2 (AP2) to clathrin coat stiffness, which determines the mechanics of vesicle formation. We found that clathrin coats are less than 10-fold stiffer than the membrane they enclose, suggesting a delicate balance between the forces harnessed from clathrin coat formation and those required for membrane bending. We observed that clathrin adaptor protein AP2 increased the stiffness of coats formed from native clathrin, but did not affect less-flexible coats formed from clathrin lacking the light chain subunits. We thus propose that clathrin light chains are important for clathrin coat flexibility and that AP2 facilitates efficient cargo sequestration during coated vesicle formation by modulating clathrin coat stiffness
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