Courts of Appeal and Colonialism in the British Caribbean: A Case for the Caribbean Court of Justice

In recent years, a public debate on law and the colonial legacy has engaged people of all walks of life in the English Speaking Caribbean (ESC), from judges and politicians to young people in the streets. Throughout the ESC, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (JCPC)—based in London and composed of British jurists—has been the highest court of appeal since the colonial era. In the past decade, however, Caribbean governments have sought greater control over their legal systems. In 2005, they created the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) to supplant the British Privy Council as the Supreme Court for Englishspeaking Caribbean nations. To date, three countries—Barbados, Belize, and Guyana—have replaced the Privy Council with the Caribbean Court of Justice. Although the Caribbean Court of Justice was originally proposed and funded by Jamaica and Trinidad, their governments have yet to accept it, and the JCPC still functions as their final court of appeal. Numerous governmental debates have recently brought the issue to the forefront of political discourse. The question of whether to jettison the JCPC—and adopt the Caribbean Court of Justice—in the ESC has raised questions about the imposition of capital punishment, issues of self-determination, national politics, and human rights obligations. In short, the court system has become a lightning rod for issues of national identity

The Incitement of Terrorism on the Internet: Legal Standards, Enforcement, and the Role of the European Union

Consider this sentence: “The Shining Path is a heroic organization.” Over the past thirty years, the Shining Path has waged a violent guerilla war against the Peruvian government, prompting the European Union to designate the group as a terrorist organization. In certain European countries, speech inciting or glorifying terrorist organizations is criminalized. As a result, citizens risk prosecution if they do not carefully limit what they say about the Shining Path, or other terrorist organizations. But where does free speech end and incitement to terrorism begin? The debate over free speech and incitement to terrorism is actively being played out on the Internet. In recent years, Islamic fundamentalists have used the Internet as a tool to radicalize discontented citizens throughout Europe. Several of these radicalized citizens have committed terrorist attacks. In response, the European Union (EU) has taken strong action to police the Internet. Specialized European agencies have developed sophisticated means of policing cyberterrorism. CleanIT is the most well-known Internet policing program: it seeks to shut down websites associated with the dissemination of terrorist information. Increased law enforcement has been accompanied by international and regional initiatives to criminalize cyberterrorism. In 2004, the European Council coordinated the Convention on Cybercrime, which raised criminal penalties for Internet crimes and hate speech. In the aftermath of the Convention, the European Union passed a Framework Decision aimed at criminalizing the incitement of terrorism

Endoskopische versus mikroskopische Nahinfrarot-Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie in der intrakraniellen Aneurysmachirurgie: Eine retrospektive Analyse von 108 Fällen

1.1 Zusammenfassung Endoskopische versus mikroskopische Nahinfrarot-Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie in der intrakraniellen Aneurysmachirurgie: Eine retrospektive Analyse von 108 Fällen Die Qualität der neurochirurgischen Aneurysmaoperationen hängt entscheidend von dem vollständigen Aneurysmaverschluss bei gleichzeitig unbeeinträchtigter Perfusion der beteiligten Ursprungsgefäße, Gefäßabgänge und perforierenden Arterien ab. Seit einiger Zeit ist eine fast nicht-invasive und kosteneffektive Methode zur intraoperativen Evaluation des Blutflusses in den beteiligten Gefäßstrukturen verfügbar: die in das Operationsmikroskop integrierte Nahinfrarot-Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie. Diese Methode liefert Echtzeit-Informationen über den Blutfluss im Aneurysma und seinen beteiligten Gefäßstrukturen. Bei der Beurteilung von in der Tiefe des Operationsgebietes lokalisierter Strukturen, vor allem bei kleinen Kraniotomien, kommt sie jedoch an ihre Grenzen. Um diese Nachteile zu kompensieren, wurde ein Endoskop mit integrierter Technologie der Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie entwickelt. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist es, den Einsatz dieser Methode der intraoperativen Gefäßdarstellung zu evaluieren und mit den Ergebnissen der mikroskopischen Variante zu vergleichen. Zwischen Januar 2011 und Januar 2015 wurden 216 Patienten mit insgesamt 248 intrakraniellen Aneurysmen in der Klinik für Neurochirurgie des Universitätsklinikums des Saaarlandes in Homburg operativ behandelt. Bei 95 dieser Aneurysma-Operationen (insgesamt 108 Aneurysmen) wurde neben der mikroskopischen zusätzlich auch die endoskopische Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie in Rahmen der intraoperativen Evaluation angewendet. Nach der Clipapplikation wurden mit beiden Methoden der komplette Verschluss des Aneurysmas und seines Halses sowie der Blutfluss in den Ursprungsgefäßen, den abgehenden Ästen und den perforierenden Arterien beurteilt. Die intraoperative Anwendbarkeit der beiden Methoden wurde dann miteinander und im Verlauf auch mit den Ergebnissen der postoperativen digitalen Subtraktionsangiographie als Standardmethode verglichen. Sowohl die Darstellbarkeit und Beurteilung des kompletten Aneurysmaverschlusses, des Aneurysmahalses sowie des Blutflusses in den beteiligten relevanten Gefäßstrukturen war mit der endoskopischen Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie in mehr Fällen erfolgreicher als mit der mikroskopischen Technik. Dabei waren die Unterschiede bei der Evaluation des Halses am größten (88,9% versus 69,4%). In 63,9% der Fälle (n=69) haben sich beide Methoden als gleichwertig erwiesen, aber in 30,6% der Fälle konnten mit der endoskopischen Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie bessere Resultate erzielt werden. Bei fünf Patienten hatten die zusätzlichen Informationen, die das Endoskop lieferte, sogar entscheidenden Einfluss auf den weiteren Verlauf der Operation. Durch seinen zusätzlichen Einsatz konnten ein Aneurysmarest, zwei Halsreste und zwei akzidentelle Verschlüsse abgehender Äste verhindert werden. Im Rahmen der postoperativen digitalen Subtraktionsangiographie wurden trotzdem zwei Aneurysmareste und sechs Halsreste gefunden. Zusammenfassend kann die endoskopintegrierte Indocyaningrün-Videoangiographie als eine Methode angesehen werden, die die Qualität der Aneurysmaoperationen verbessern kann, indem sie zusätzliche intraoperative Informationen liefert. Sie bietet bessere Lichtverhältnisse, vergrößerte Bilder und einen erweiterten Blickwinkel. Die entscheidenden Vorteile zeigten sich unter anderem bei der Darstellung und Evaluation tief gelegener Aneurysmen, besonders in Fällen von kleinen Kraniotomien. Aber weitere Studien sind erforderlich, um fundiertere Aussagen treffen zu können.1.2 Summary Endoscope- vs. microscope-integrated near-infrared indocyanine green video angiography (ICG-VA) in intracranial aneurysm surgery: a retrospective analysis of 108 cases The quality of surgical treatment of intracranial aneurysms is determined by complete aneurysm occlusion, while at the same time preserving blood flow in the involved parent, branching and perforating arteries. A nearly noninvasive and cost-effective technique for intraoperative blood flow evaluation has been available for some time: the near-infrared indocyanine green video angiography integrated into the surgical microscope. This method provides real-time information about the blood-flow in the aneurysm and the involved vessels. However, when it comes to assessing structures located in the depth of the operating area, especially in small craniotomies, it reaches its limits. To compensate for these weak points, an endoscope with integrated technology of indocyanine green video angiography was developed. The objective of this analysis is to assess the use of this method for intraoperative blood flow evaluation and to compare these results to the microscopic version. In a period between January 2011 and January 2015, 216 patients with a total of 248 intracranial aneurysms were treated surgically at the Department of Neurosurgery of the Saarland University Medical Center in Homburg/Germany. In 95 of these aneurysm surgeries (a total of 108 aneurysms), in addition to the microscopic, the endoscopic indocyanine green video angiography was also used for intraoperative evaluation. After clipping, the complete aneurysm occlusion as well as the blood flow in the parent, branching and perforating arteries was assessed with both methods. Intraoperative applicability of each technique was compared to each other and also to the results of postoperative digital subtraction angiography as standard evaluation technique. Both the visualization and evaluation of the complete aneurysm occlusion, the aneurysm neck and the blood flow in the relevant involved arteries was more successful with the endoscope-integrated indocyanine green video angiography than with the microscopic method. The differences in the assessment of the aneurysm neck were the highest (88.9% versus 69.4%). In 63.9% of the cases (n=69), both techniques were proven to be equivalent. But in 30.6% of the cases, the endoscopic indocyanine green video angiography provided better results for evaluating the post-clipping situation. In five patients, the additional information given by the endoscope had decisive influence on the further course of the surgical procedure. Due to its additional use, one residual aneurysm, two neck remnants, and two accidental occlusions of branching vessels could be prevented. Nevertheless, two incomplete aneurysm occlusions and six neck remnants were revealed during the postoperative digital subtraction angiography. In summary, endoscope-integrated indocyanine green video angiography can be viewed as a method that might improve the quality of aneurysm surgery by providing additional intraoperative information. It offers a higher illumination, magnification and an extended viewing angle. Its key advantages were found in the visualization and assessment of deep seated aneurysms especially in cases of small craniotomies. However, to make more profound statements, further studies are required

Wielogłowa hydra

The presented text is the first Polish translation of Peter Linebaugh’s and Markus Rediker’s well-acclaimed book, The Many-Headed Hydra: The Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. The authors offer a transcontinental and transcultural collective subject of resistance against the rising capitalist system. Our translation provides an overview of proletariat structure, discusses its vital role in constructing the infrastructure that was necessary for the reproduction of capitalism and also investigates the fright and the hopes that were aroused from England to the Caribbean by a crew of sailors, fleeing slaves, heretics and female-defenders of the commons.Przetłumaczył ŁUKASZ MOLLPrezentujemy pierwsze tłumaczenie na język polski fragmentu głośnej książki Petera Linebaugha i Markusa Redikera The Many-Headed Hydra: The Hidden History of Revolutionary Atlantic. Autorzy przedstawiają w niej transkontynentalny i transkulturowy zbiorowy podmiot oporu wobec rodzącego się systemu kapitalistycznego. Przetłumaczony fragment dostarcza przeglądu struktury atlantyckiego proletariatu, zdaje sprawę z kluczowej roli, jaką odgrywał on przy konstrukcji infrastruktury niezbędnej dla reprodukcji kapitalizmu, a także omawia jednocześnie popłoch i nadzieje, jaki zgraja żeglarzy, zbiegłych niewolników, heretyków i obrończyń dóbr wspólnych wzbudzała od Anglii po Karaiby