Application of Outlier Detection and Missing Value Estimation Techniques to Various Forms of Traffic Count Data

This paper reports on the application of suitable techniques for detecting outliers and suggesting estimates for missing values in various forrns of traffic count data. The data used in this study came from three sources. The first set was provided by the Department of Transport's (DOT) regional office in Leeds and consists of automatic hourly traffic counts at four sites. The second set was part of a larger database provided by West Yorkshire Highways, Engineering and Technical Services (HETS). This set consists of automatic half hourly traffic counts on a single site. The third and final set was provided by Nottinghan University and consists of automatic five minute traffic counts at 40 locations, in close proximity to each other, from Leicester. Three suitable techniques emerged from pilot studies of such series conducted by Watson et a1 (1992a) and Redfern et a1 (1992). The three techniques are: a) Maintaining an average and variability measure over time; b) ARIMA modelling with detection of large residuals; C) A point's influence on the correlation structure of the series. A fourth technique, by-eye detection and estimation, provides an intuitive comparison for the first three techniques

Detection of Outliers in Time Series.

As part of a SERC funded project this study aims to summarise the most relevant and recent literature with respect to outlier detection for time series and missing value estimation in traffic count data. Many types of transport data are collected over time and are potentlally suited to the application of time series analysis techniques. including accident data, ticket sales and traffic counts. Missing data or outliers in traffic counts can cause problems when analysing the data, for example in order to produce forecasts. At present it seems that little work has been undertaken to assess the merits of alternative methods to treat such data or develop a more analytic approach. Here we intend to review current practices in the transport field and summarise more general time series techniques for handling outlying or missing data. The literature study forms the fist stage of a research project aiming to establish the applicability of time series and other techniques in estimating missing values and outlier detection/replacement in a variety of transport data. Missing data and outliers can occur for a variety of reasons, for example the breakdown of automatic counters. Initial enquiries suggest that methods for patching such data can be crude. Local authorities are to be approached individually usinga short questionnaire enquiry form in order to attempt to ascertain their current practices. Having reviewed current practices the project aims to transfer recently developed methods for dealing with outliers in general time series into a transport context. It is anticipated that comparisons between possible methods could highlight an alternative and more analytical approach to current practices. A description of the main methods ior detecting outliers in time series is given within the first section. In the second section practical applications of Box-Jenkins methods within a transport context are given. current practices for dealing with outlying and missing data within transport are discussed in section three. Recommendations for methods to be used in our current research are followed by the appendices containing most of the mathematical detail

Synchrotron X-ray microscopy of marine calcifiers: how plankton record past climate change

We have used STXM and PEEM to reveal the underpinning chemistry and nanoscale structure behind palaeo-climate geochemical signatures, such as trace Mg in shells- proposed proxies for palaeo-ocean temperature. This has allowed us to test the chemical assumptions and mechanisms underpinning the use of such empirical proxies. We have determined the control on driving chemical variations in biogenic carbonates using STXM at the absorption edge of Mg, B, and Na in the shells of modern plankton. The power of these observations lies in their ability to link changes in chemistry, microstructure, and growth process in biogenic carbonate to environmental influences. We have seen that such changes occur at length scales of tens of nanometres and demonstrated that STXM provides an invaluable route to understanding chemical environment and key heterogeneity at the appropriate length scale. This new understanding provides new routes for future measurements of past climate variation in the sea floor fossil record

Using Administrative Data to Count Local Populations

There is growing evidence that official population statistics based on the decennial census are inaccurate at the local authority level—the fundamental administrative unit of the UK. This paper investigates the use of locally available administrative data sets for counting populations. The method uses truth tables for combining different data sources with different population coverage according to a defined and therefore replicable set of rules. The result is timelier and geographically more flexible data which is more cost-effective to produce than a survey-based census. Associated techniques for linking diverse data sources at individual and household level are briefly discussed. The methodology is then applied to administrative data from a London borough with about 170,000 people. The results are evaluated and compared with other population sources. The paper concludes by discussing potential improvements including scaling up the work to cover multiple local authorities. The practicalities of using alternative central government data sets are briefly considered. A sequel paper in this journal provides examples of key applications of this approach at local level

Spontaneous strain and the ferroelastic phase transition in As,O

Abstract. The tetragonalarthorhombic phase transition in arsenic pentoxide has been studied by x-ray powder diffraction and is found to be a proper ferroelastic transition. The spontaneous strain behaves as the order parameter following Landau theory with E, CL IT, -TIs, 6 = 1, T, = 578 K. The order parameter susceptibility has been determined from line broadening and follows IT, -TI-7, y = 1. No deviation from Landau behaviour has been observed experimentally

H2O and the dehydroxylation of phyllosilicates: an infrared spectroscopic study

As shown by in situ infrared spectroscopy and analysis of quenched samples, phyllosilicates (muscovite, sericite, pyrophyllite, and talc) under dehydroxylation conditions lack the characteristic bands near 1600 cm–1 (bending) and 5200 cm–1 (combination) of H2O, and they contain virtually no H2O but an abundance of OH. This observation appears to be at variance with the formal description of dehydroxylation in bulk samples as 2(OH) -> H2O + O, whereas it is suggested that hydrogen diffuses in the form of (OH) – or/and H+ in dehydroxylation. The upper limit of H2O in the dehydroxlated bulk is likely to be at the parts per million level in phyllosilicates that contain structural OH ions equivalent to 4–5 wt% H2O. The observations suggest that H2O molecules are probably formed near the surface of the sample

Do agronomic approaches aligned to regenerative agriculture improve the micronutrient concentrations of edible portions of crops? A scoping review of evidence

Regenerative Agriculture (RA) is used to describe nature-based agronomic approaches that aim to build soil health and crop resilience, minimize negative environmental outcomes, and improve farmer livelihoods. A benefit that is increasingly attributed to crops grown under RA practices is improved nutritional content. However, we do not know the extent to which RA influences crop nutritional quality and under what management approaches and context, can such effects be realized. A scoping review of recent literature (Web of Science, 2000-2021) was carried out to assess the evidence that RA approaches improve crop micronutrient quality. Papers included combinations of agronomic approaches that could be defined as Regenerative: "Organic Inputs" including composts and manures, cover crops, crop rotations, crop residues and biochars; "Reduced Tillage", "Intercropping", "Biostimulants" e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; plant growth promoting bacteria, and "Irrigation", typically deficit-irrigation and alternate wetting and drying. The crop types reviewed were predetermined covering common sources of food and included: Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Rice (Oryza sativa L.), Maize (Zea mays L.), Pulses (Fabaceae), Alliums (Allium spp.), and "other" crop types (30 types). This scoping review supports a potential role for RA approaches in increasing the concentrations of micronutrients in the edible portions of several crop types under specific practices, although this was context specific. For example, rice grown under increased organic inputs showed significant increases in grain zinc (Zn) concentration in 15 out of 16 studies. The vitamin C concentration of tomato fruit increased in similar to 50% of studies when plants were grown under increased organic inputs, and in 76% of studies when plants were grown under deficit irrigation. Overall, the magnitude and reproducibility of the effects of RA practices on most crop nutritional profiles were difficult to assess due to the diversity of RA approaches, geographical conditions, and the limited number of studies for most crops in each of these categories. Future research with appropriate designs, improved on-farm surveillance and nutritional diagnostics are needed for better understanding the potential role of RA in improving the quality of food, human nutrition, and health

High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG recordings

SummaryRemoval of electrocardiographic (ECG) contamination of electromyographic (EMG) signals from torso muscles is often attempted by high-pass filtering. This study investigated the effects of the cut-off frequency used in this high-pass filtering technique on the resulting EMG signal. Surface EMGs were recorded on five subjects from the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and erector spinae muscles. These signals were then digitally high-pass filtered at cut-off frequencies of 10, 30, and 60 Hz. Integration and power analyses of the filtered EMGs were subsequently performed. It was found that an increase in the cut-off frequency affects the integrated EMG signal by (1) reducing the ECG contamination, (2) decreasing the amplitude, and (3) smoothing the signal. It was concluded that the use of a high-pass filter is effective in reducing ECG interference in integrated EMG recordings, and a cut-off frequency of approximately 30 Hz was optimal.RelevanceElectromyographic recordings of torso muscles are often used in the development of low-back biomechanical models. Unfortunately, these recordings are usually contaminated by electrocardiographic interference. High-pass filtering methods are sometimes used to diminish the influence of ECG from surface EMGs; however, the effects of these filters on the recorded and processed EMG have not been reported. The findings show that high-pass filtering is effective in reducing ECG contamination and motion artefact from integrated EMGs when the appropriate cut-off frequency is used. Inappropriate cut-off frequencies lead to either incomplete ECG removal or excess filtering of the EMG signal.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/31029/1/0000706.pd

Low-temperature behaviour of ammonium ion in buddingtonite [N(D/H) 4 AlSi 3 O 8 ] from neutron powder diffraction

The structural response of buddingtonite [N(D/H) 4 AlSi 3 O 8 ] on cooling has been studied by neutron diffraction. Data have been collected from 280 K down to 11 K, and the crystal structure refined using the Rietveld method. Rigid-body constraints were applied to the ammonium ion to explore the structural properties of ammonium in the M-site cavities at low-temperature. Low-temperature saturation is observed for almost all the lattice parameters. From the present in situ low-temperature neutron diffraction studies, there is no strong evidence of orientational order–disorder of the ammonium ions in buddingtonite.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/46909/1/269_2004_Article_425.pd

The distribution and coordination of trace elements in Krithe ostracods and their implications for paleothermometry

The Mg and Sr content of ostracod valves have been used to reconstruct past temperature and salinity, and their stable isotopes have been used to reveal aspects of marine, lake and estuary hydrology. However, significant uncertainties surround the ostracod calcification processes, the incorporation mechanisms of trace elements, and the sensitivity of proxy tracers to complex confounding factors. The valves of most ostracods are composed of micron-scale crystal grains embedded in an organic matrix. The fine-scale geochemistry of these structures, and the nature of the influence of biological mineralisation processes on valve chemistry remain poorly constrained. We have performed sub-micron resolution X-ray microscopy of a marine Krithe ostracod valve, and determined the chemical coordination of Mg, and the distribution of Mg, Na and S throughout the crystal-organic valve structure. These trace elements display systematic sub-micron-scale compositional variations within the mineral grains and iner-granular matrix of the valve ultrastructure. These patterns imply that Krithe biomineralisation processes significantly modulate trace element incorporation at the sub-micron scale. Thus Krithe chemical composition is likely to be decoupled to some extent from the water in which they calcified. Most importantly, Mg K-edge Near- Edge X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectra, and the coincidence of high-Mg regions with S-rich organic layers reveal that Mg is not primarily hosted in the calcite structure in the valve. Our results highlight the need to understand the processes that drive this fine-scale chemical heterogeneity and their influence on connections between the external environment and valve geochemistry, if ostracods are to be used as sources of paleoenvironmental proxies