Funktionelle Analyse der Intrazellulardomäne des murinen Notch-Liganden Delta-like 1

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The Platform Governance Archive v1: A longitudinal dataset to study the governance of communication and interactions by platforms and the historical evolution of platform policies (Data Paper)

Platform policies contain the spelled out rules about what is allowed and prohibited on a service. As such, they constitute both a normative framework as well as a means of public communication by platforms. Studying the evolution of the increasingly complex web of policies that platforms have developed can hence allow us to trace the emergence of a specific normative order, i.e. the ways in which platforms are governing user activities and public speech and communication dynamics, as well as identify how they have reacted to public controversies, political debates and legal regulation. A major difficulty for studies on the historical evolution of platform policies, however, is the availability of past policies which is often needed for a thorough analysis, as the policies change quite frequently and even their names and locations often differ from the current version. Although platforms have become increasingly transparent about how and when they are changing their rules and have begun to offer public archives of the different historical versions of their policies, these archives often do not contain all of the past versions of a policy and relying on them entails trusting the platforms to provide complete information. Thus it remains hard to systematically study how the rules and norms of platforms have changed over time. Our Platform Governance Archive (PGA) aims to address this need by providing a comprehensive and uniformly collected dataset of all of the historical versions of platform policies which does not rely on the platforms’ own public records. While we are working on extending the scope of the archive to include more platforms and policies, the current dataset described in this paper contains all of the historical versions of three types of policy documents (Terms of Service, Community Guidelines, Privacy Policies) by four major platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram) in the time period from the inception of each policy until the end of 2021. Our paper gives a comprehensive overview of the conceptual layout of the Platform Governance Archive and details the automated and manual processes of data collection and data cleaning, as well as our practical and theoretical challenges. Starting with how we define a relevant change to a platform policy, we lay out how we used the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to identify past versions of platform policies, collect them, and then automatically and manually check for changes. Specifically, we explain how we mapped the URLs of the selected policies and they have changed over time, putting together a puzzle of how they were renamed and relocated. We then detail the automated scraping process of these URLs from the Wayback Machine as well as the automated diff-checking which we employed. The last step of the data cleaning consisted in a manual revision of the automatically identified versions based on our definition of a relevant change, which was necessary because a significant amount of data noise remained. The paper furthermore describes how the platforms' ways of displaying their policies have changed over time by increasingly turning them into interactive pages and multi-page documents, as well as how we addressed the data collection challenges that arose from this. The paper furthermore provides an overview of the resulting v1 corpus the Platform Governance Archive which is a dataset consisting of 354 policy documents with a total of 6,036 pages. By detailing the structure of our data repository on Github, we offer a guide on how to access and work with the data. We furthermore describe the characteristics and details of each platform and policy type to account for the fact that each of them have undergone a specific historical development. Lastly, our paper also presents a structural analysis of some of the general trends and patterns which are visible in the dataset over a time period of up to almost two decades on the document level. Using a quantitative analysis, we analyse how the change frequency and the character count of each platform policy has developed over time. A comparative visualisation of these findings allows us to show how the extent of the policies has grown over time, to identify periods of high growth and frequent changes and to draw comparative conclusions about the four different platforms. The Platform Governance Archive aims to be a resource for researchers, journalists, policy-makers, platform operators, activists, and other stakeholders as well as the general public. By offering both a comprehensive dataset and an accessible interface, we aim to offer and continue to develop this resource to enable research and public debate on the historical evolution of platform policies in order to trace down changes, to identify characteristic periods of isomorphic policies, to measure influencing factors, and to understand how specific debates, events, and legislation have influenced and manifested in platform policies

Effect of electromagnetic fields on human osteoarthritic and non-osteoarthritic chondrocytes

Background: Studies of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on cartilaginous cells show a broad range of outcomes. However EMFs are not yet clinically applied as standard treatment of osteoarthritis, as EMF effects are showing varying outcomes in the literature. The aim of this study was to examine effects of EMFs (5 mT or 8 mT) on osteoarthritic (OA) and non-OA chondrocytes in order to investigate whether EMF effects are related to chondrocyte and EMF quality. Methods: Pellets of human OA and non-OA chondrocytes were exposed to a sinusoidal 15 Hz EMF produced by a solenoid. Control groups were cultivated without EMF under standard conditions for 7 days. Cultures were examined by staining, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR for RNA corresponding to cartilage specific proteins (COL2A1, ACAN, SOX9). Results: OA chondrocytes increased the expression of COL2A1 and ACAN under 5 mT EMF compared to control. In contrast no changes in gene expression were observed in non-OA chondrocytes. OA and non-OA chondrocytes showed no significant changes in gene expression under 8 mT EMF. Conclusion: A 5 mT EMF increased the expression of cartilage specific genes in OA chondrocytes whereas in non-OA chondrocytes no changes in gene expression were observed. An 8 mT EMF however showed no effect altogether. This suggests that EMF effects are related to EMF but also to chondrocyte quality. Further studies about the clinical relevance of this effect are necessary

Didaktische Wissensorganisation: Pädagogik in vernetzten Lernumgebungen.

In der Weiterbildungslandschaft hat die Beschleunigung des Wissenswandels und die Integration des Internets zu Veränderungen geführt. Diese Veränderungen werden mit dem Bielefelder Konzept der didaktischen Wissensorganisation aufgegriffen und im Rahmen des BMB+F-Leitprojektes "L3 - Lebenslanges Lernen als Grundbedürfnis" in eine Online-Lehr- Lernplattform umgesetzt.\ud \u

Volkswirtschaftslehre : eine Einführung in ein oft verkanntes Fachgebiet

Dieses Lehrbuch gibt eine erste Einführung in die Volkswirtschaftslehre und gewährt allgemein verständliche Einblicke in die verschiedenenen Bereiche der Mikro- und Markoökonomik. Dabei reicht die Grundlagenvermittlung von der allgemeinen Einführung in das Fach der Volkswirtschaftslehre, über die Erklärung von Wirtschaftssystemen, Märkten und ihren Funktionsweisen bis hin zu der diese Ausführung ergänzenden praktischen analyse durch aktuelle Beispiele und vertiefende Informationen

Towards an Autonomous Application of Smart Services in Industry 4.0

Redeker M, Klarhorst C, Göllner D, et al. Towards an Autonomous Application of Smart Services in Industry 4.0. Presented at the ETFA 2021 - 26th Annual Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, Västerås, Sweden.Today's high complexity and required expertise in various disciplines for data-based evaluations of shop-floor assets is challenging. This paper describes the ongoing development towards an Industry 4.0 ecosystem enabling Smart Services and shop-floor assets to network autonomously. Three partial solutions are combined for this purpose: Industry 4.0 digital twins, automated data streams and a Smart Service toolbox. A prototypical implementation proves the general practicability. Furthermore, future work is outlined to achieve full autonomy

Normal proliferation and neuronal differentiation of ES cells expressing DL1ICD variants.

<p>(A) Doubling times of targeted E14tg2a cells before and after Cre-mediated activation of DL1ICD expression. Doubling times were calculated from cell counts after non-linear regression using Prism software (GraphPad). Indicated are mean doubling times and upper and lower limit of 95% confidence intervals. (B) Western blot analysis of cell lysates of wild type and DL1ICD-expressing ES cells, CHO cells with or without transient expression of mouse p21, and HeLa nuclear extract. The arrow points to the position of p21, the asterisk marks a non-specific background band detected in ES cells. (C) Expression of the pan-neuronal marker Nefm in differentiated wild type and DL1ICD-expressing ES cells analyzed by qRT-PCR. Indicated are means and SEM of expression levels determined in differentiated wild type (n=16 pools of aggregates ) RA treated (n=14 pools of aggregates) and transgenic (DICD: n=13 pools of aggregates; fDICD: n=12 pools of aggregates; DΔECD: n=10 pools of aggregates) ES cells. ns: not significant (p>0.05). </p