Expropriation law: The South African scenario

This article examines the expropria­tion of property for public purposes at central, provincial and local govern­ment levels and the procedures fol­lowed to ensure fairness to those con­cerned

DESIGN AND IN-VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF DELAYED RELEASE MULTI UNIT PARTICULATES USING WURSTER TECHNOLOGY

The aim of the present research was to design and characterize delayed release Multi Unit Particles (MUPS). These were produced primarily for the purpose of oral modified release dosage forms having gastro resistant and delayed-release properties. During the development of MUPS agglomeration, generations of fines and twins formation are identified as critical issues. The delayed release multiple units were prepared by layering drug suspension using Wurster technology. The prepared multi unit particulates consist of successive layers of drug layer (Esomeprazole), barrier coat and enteric coat (Eudragit L30 D55) on to inert seeds (sugar spheres #50/60). Finally the MUPS are filled into capsules (white to off white hard gelatin). The MUPS were evaluated for drug content, moisture content, particle size distribution, good flow properties and the filled capsules were evaluated for acid resistance (0.1N HCl for 2 hrs) test and In-vitro drug release (pH 6.8 phosphate buffer) and compared with the innovator product. The characterization of pellets was completed and capsules were packed into HDPE bottle (60cc with 33mm closure) and subjected to accelerated stability testing (40°C/75%RH) for six months and results were compared with initial results. Key words: Delayed release, multi unit particulates (MUPS), Wurster technology, Sugar spheres #50/60, Eudragit L30 D55, Q point at 30minutes NLT 75±5 %, 0.1N HCl, pH 6.8 phosphate buffer

Combinatorial Bounds for Conflict-free Coloring on Open Neighborhoods

In an undirected graph $G$, a conflict-free coloring with respect to open neighborhoods (denoted by CFON coloring) is an assignment of colors to the vertices such that every vertex has a uniquely colored vertex in its open neighborhood. The minimum number of colors required for a CFON coloring of $G$ is the CFON chromatic number of $G$, denoted by $\chi_{ON}(G)$. The decision problem that asks whether $\chi_{ON}(G) \leq k$ is NP-complete. We obtain the following results: * Bodlaender, Kolay and Pieterse [WADS 2019] showed the upper bound $\chi_{ON}(G)\leq {\sf fvs}(G)+3$, where ${\sf fvs}(G)$ denotes the size of a minimum feedback vertex set of $G$. We show the improved bound of $\chi_{ON}(G)\leq {\sf fvs}(G)+2$, which is tight, thereby answering an open question in the above paper. * We study the relation between $\chi_{ON}(G)$ and the pathwidth of the graph $G$, denoted ${\sf pw}(G)$. The above paper from WADS 2019 showed the upper bound $\chi_{ON}(G) \leq 2{\sf tw}(G)+1$ where ${\sf tw}(G)$ stands for the treewidth of $G$. This implies an upper bound of $\chi_{ON}(G) \leq 2{\sf pw}(G)+1$. We show an improved bound of $\chi_{ON}(G) \leq \lfloor \frac{5}{3}({\sf pw}(G)+1) \rfloor$. * We prove new bounds for $\chi_{ON}(G)$ with respect to the structural parameters neighborhood diversity and distance to cluster, improving existing results. * We also study the partial coloring variant of the CFON coloring problem, which allows vertices to be left uncolored. Let $\chi^*_{ON}(G)$ denote the minimum number of colors required to color $G$ as per this variant. Abel et. al. [SIDMA 2018] showed that $\chi^*_{ON}(G) \leq 8$ when $G$ is planar. They asked if fewer colors would suffice for planar graphs. We answer this question by showing that $\chi^*_{ON}(G) \leq 5$ for all planar $G$. All our bounds are a result of constructive algorithmic procedures.Comment: 30 page

A Rapid Assessment of the Quality of Neonatal Healthcare in Kilimanjaro Region, Northeast Tanzania.

While child mortality is declining in Africa there has been no evidence of a comparable reduction in neonatal mortality. The quality of inpatient neonatal care is likely a contributing factor but data from resource limited settings are few. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of neonatal care in the district hospitals of the Kilimanjaro region of Tanzania. Clinical records were reviewed for ill or premature neonates admitted to 13 inpatient health facilities in the Kilimanjaro region; staffing and equipment levels were also assessed. Among the 82 neonates reviewed, key health information was missing from a substantial proportion of records: on maternal antenatal cards, blood group was recorded for 52 (63.4%) mothers, Rhesus (Rh) factor for 39 (47.6%), VDRL for 59 (71.9%) and HIV status for 77 (93.1%). From neonatal clinical records, heart rate was recorded for3 (3.7%) neonates, respiratory rate in 14, (17.1%) and temperature in 33 (40.2%). None of 13 facilities had a functioning premature unit despite calculated gestational age <36 weeks in 45.6% of evaluated neonates. Intravenous fluids and oxygen were available in 9 out of 13 of facilities, while antibiotics and essential basic equipment were available in more than two thirds. Medication dosing errors were common; under-dosage for ampicillin, gentamicin and cloxacillin was found in 44.0%, 37.9% and 50% of cases, respectively, while over-dosage was found in 20.0%, 24.2% and 19.9%, respectively. Physician or assistant physician staffing levels by the WHO indicator levels (WISN) were generally low. Key aspects of neonatal care were found to be poorly documented or incorrectly implemented in this appraisal of neonatal care in Kilimanjaro. Efforts towards quality assurance and enhanced motivation of staff may improve outcomes for this vulnerable group

A method for the reconstruction of unknown non-monotonic growth functions in the chemostat

We propose an adaptive control law that allows one to identify unstable steady states of the open-loop system in the single-species chemostat model without the knowledge of the growth function. We then show how one can use this control law to trace out (reconstruct) the whole graph of the growth function. The process of tracing out the graph can be performed either continuously or step-wise. We present and compare both approaches. Even in the case of two species in competition, which is not directly accessible with our approach due to lack of controllability, feedback control improves identifiability of the non-dominant growth rate.Comment: expansion of ideas from proceedings paper (17 pages, 8 figures), proceedings paper is version v

Transgene integration - an analysis in autotransgenic Labeo rohita Hamilton (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Transgenic Labeo rohita founder population was analyzed for the presence of autotransgene having histone 3 promoter and growth hormone (GH) cDNA (LRH3-GHcDNA) or total GH gene (LRH3-GH2.8) by PCR with transgene specific primers. Transgene specific amplification was seen with LRH3-GHcDNA in five out of seven individuals and all three fishes with LRH3-GH2.8, indicating their transgenic nature. Transgene integration was also studied by Southern hybridization of DNA isolated from blood of the transgenic fishes with two different probes (histone 3 promoter and cDNA of L. rohita). Autotransgene integration was confirmed in all PCR positive transgenic individuals. The site of integration of the transgene in the genome of the four transgenic fish could be determined by inverse PCR. Two individuals showed integration at the same site whereas in the remaining two individuals the integration sites were different

Impacts of organic and conventional crop management on diversity and activity of free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria and total bacteria are subsidiary to temporal effects

A three year field study (2007-2009) of the diversity and numbers of the total and metabolically active free-living diazotophic bacteria and total bacterial communities in organic and conventionally managed agricultural soil was conducted at the Nafferton Factorial Systems Comparison (NFSC) study, in northeast England. The result demonstrated that there was no consistent effect of either organic or conventional soil management across the three years on the diversity or quantity of either diazotrophic or total bacterial communities. However, ordination analyses carried out on data from each individual year showed that factors associated with the different fertility management measures including availability of nitrogen species, organic carbon and pH, did exert significant effects on the structure of both diazotrophic and total bacterial communities. It appeared that the dominant drivers of qualitative and quantitative changes in both communities were annual and seasonal effects. Moreover, regression analyses showed activity of both communities was significantly affected by soil temperature and climatic conditions. The diazotrophic community showed no significant change in diversity across the three years, however, the total bacterial community significantly increased in diversity year on year. Diversity was always greatest during March for both diazotrophic and total bacterial communities. Quantitative analyses using qPCR of each community indicated that metabolically active diazotrophs were highest in year 1 but the population significantly declined in year 2 before recovering somewhat in the final year. The total bacterial population in contrast increased significantly each year. Seasonal effects were less consistent in this quantitative study