Evaluation of Bioethanol Yield Potential of Different Sweet Sorghum Cultivars Grown as a Second Crop Under Eastern Mediterranean Conditions

Sweet sorghum has a high potential for bioethanol production due to its high fermentable sugar content and biomass yield. This research was carried out to evaluate bioethanol yield potential of six sweet sorghum cultivars (ICSV 93046, ICSV 700, Black Amber, White African, Gülşeker, and Red’s Red) during summer growing season of 2022 under eastern Mediterranean conditions. Cultivars were significantly differed for brix degree, green herbage yield, juice yield, and juice ethanol yields in the study. ICSV 93046 produced the significantly highest fresh stem yield (58811 kg/ha), juice yield (16105 kg/ha), and juice ethanol yield (1194 L/ha) and followed by ICSV 700. On the other hand, the significantly lowest brix degree (10.5 ◦ Bx) and juice ethanol yield (322 L/ha) were achieved by Gülşeker. These results suggested that ICSV 93046 was the most suitable cultivar to be grown as a second crop for bioethanol production under eastern Mediterranean conditions

Use of possibilities of some organic residues in sorghum x sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor x Sorghum bicolor var. sudanense) cultivation.

TEZ8503Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2011.Kaynakça (s. 61-67) var.xiii, 69 s. : rnk.res., tablo ; 29 cm.This study was conducted to investigate using possibilities of some organic residues in sorghum x sudangrass hydrid cultivation under Çukurova Conditions. Field trial was arranged in complete randomized block design with three replications but experiment data were analysed as split- plot design, organic residues were main plots and harvests were sub plots, because several harvest were obtained from each plot. The six different treatments were used in the study, which are; poultry litter, cattle manure, LEO (1) (50 kg/da LEOnardite + all amount recommended fertilizer amount), LEO (2) (50 kg/da LEOnardite + half amount of recommended fertilizer), inorganic fertilizer (İNORG) and control. As a result, total forage, hay, dry matter and crude protein yields were ranged from 8313 to 5172, 1693 to 1173, 1531 to 1051, 143.7 to 90.96 kg/da, respectively. Greatest forage, hay and dry matter yields were obtained from LEO (1) and crude protein yield was obtained from LEO (2) treatment.Bu araştırma bazı organik atıkların sorgum x sudanotu melezi tarımında kullanım olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Araştırma ve Uygulama Arazisinde tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre kurulmuş olup, bir parselde birden fazla biçim yapıldığı için organik atıklar ana parsel, biçimler alt parsel olarak kabul edilerek bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada, tavuk gübresi (TG), sığır gübresi (SG), LEO (1) (50 kg/da leonardit + önerilen inorganik gübre dozlarının tamamı), LEO (2) (50 kg/da leonardit + önerilen inorganik gübre dozlarının yarısı), inorganik gübre (İNORG) ve kontrol olmak üzere altı farklı uygulama yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sorgum x sudanotu melezi bitkisinde farklı organik atıklar uygulanarak yapılan bu çalışmada uygulamalardan elde edilen toplam yeşil ot, kuru ot, kuru madde ve ham protein verimleri sırasıyla 8313 - 5172, 1693 - 1173, 1531 - 1051, 143.7 - 90.96 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek yeşil ot, kuru ot ve kuru madde verimleri LEO (1) uygulamasında, en yüksek ham protein verimi ise LEO (2) uygulamasında saptanmıştır. Diğer yandan araştırmada uygulamalardan elde edilen ortalama ham protein, ADF, NDF, oranları sırasıyla % 10.30 - 8.30, 37.49 - 36.31, 61.24 - 58.15 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek ham protein oranı sığır gübresi uygulamasında, en düşük ADF oranı sığır gübresi (SG) uygulamasında, en düşük NDF oranı ise tavuk gübresi (TG) uygulamasında elde edilmiştir.Bu çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından desteklenmiştir. Proje No: ZF2010YL9

Use possibilities of some perennial grasses (miscanthus, switchgrass, giant reed, bulbous canary grass) as energy crops in mediterranean climate conditions.

TEZ13211Tez (Doktora) -- Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, 2017.Kaynakça (s. 303-332) var.XXVII, 333 s. :_res. (bzs. rnk.), tablo ;_29 cm.Bu araştırma Akdeniz iklim koşullarında bazı çok yıllık buğdaygil türlerinin (miskantus, dallı darı, kargı kamışı ve yumrulu yem kanyaşı türlerinin) 4 farklı azot dozu (0, 100, 150 ve 200 kg/ha) ve 2 farklı hasat zamanı (Sonbahar ve Kış)’nda enerji bitkisi olarak kullanım olanaklarını araştırmak amacıyla, Kasım 2013 – Şubat 2017 tarihleri arasında Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Araştırma ve Uygulama Arazisinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada en yüksek kuru madde (42.96 t/ha) ve net enerji verimi (744.1 GJ/ha) kargı kamışı türünden, en düşük nem (% 14.60) oranı yumrulu yem kanyaşı türünden, en düşük kül (% 1.89) ve azot (% 0.13) oranları ise miskantus türünden elde edilmiştir. Miskantus, dallı darı ve yumrulu yem kanyaşı türlerinden elde edilen kuru madde ve net enerji verimi değerleri azot dozu uygulamalarından etkilenmemiş fakat kargı kamışı türünde ise 100 kg/ha azot dozu optimum kuru madde ve net enerji verimi için yeterli olmuştur. Hasadın kışa ertelenmesi durumunda tüm bitki türlerinde kuru madde ve net enerji verimi değerleri önemli düzeyde azalmıştır. Fakat miskantus, dallı darı ve kargı kamışı türlerinde kış hasatlarından elde edilen kül, bitki besin elementi ve nem oranlarının sonbahar hasatlarına nazaran daha düşük çıkmasından ötürü bu türlerde hasadın kışa ertelenmesinin biyokütle kalitesini arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlar 4 bitki türünün de bölge koşullarında enerji bitkisi olarak başarıyla yetiştirilebileceğini göstermektedir.This research was carried out between November 2013 – February 2017 to investigate the use possibilities of some perennial grasses (miscanthus, switchgrass, giant reed and bulbous canary grass) as energy crops under 4 different nitrogen doses (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and two different harvest times (Autumn and Winter) in Mediterranean climate conditions. While the highest dry matter (42.96 t/ha) and net energy yields (744.1 GJ/ha) were achieved by giant reed, the lowest moisture ratio was achieved by bulbous canary grass and the lowest ash (% 1.89) and nitrogen (% 0.13) ratios were achieved by miscanthus in the research. Dry matter and net energy yields derived from miscanthus, switchgrass and bulbous canary grass were not significantly affected by nitrogen doses but 100 kg/ha nitrogen dose was accurate for optimum dry matter and net energy yields in giant reed. Dry matter and net energy yields decreased in all plant species when harvest was delayed to winter. However, delayed harvest system increased the biomass quality of miscanthus, switchgrass and giant reed due to the fact that the winter harvest provided the lower plant nutrient and moisture ratios in comparison to autumn harvest. The results derived from the research show that each 4 plant species tested in the study can be successfully grown as energy crops in Mediterranean environmental conditions.Bu Çalışma Ç.Ü. Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi Tarafından Desteklenmiştir. Proje no: ZF2013D19

Determination of grain maize properties of some maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars under Middle Kizilirmak Basin ecological conditions

Bu araştırma, Ada-523, Kompozit Arifiye, Sakarya, NK Gigantic, NK Arma, NK Famoso, RX- 9292, Colonia, Sum 1186, Sancia, Larigal, Cadiz, Carella, Donana, Borja, OSSK 644, Pasha, PG 1610, PG 1661 ve Otello mısır çeşitleri ile Orta Kızılırmak Havzası ekolojik koşullarında (40°20?N, 33°58?E, rakım 550 m), 2012 ve 2013 yıllarında, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. İki yıllık araştırma sonuçlarına göre; ilk koçan yüksekliği 98-140 cm, bitki boyu 252-280 cm ve bitki başına koçan sayısı 1.2-2.0 adet arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek koçanda tane ağırlığı (211 g), koçan boyu (23.72 mm), koçan ağırlığı (348 g), koçan çapı (51.85 mm) ve tane verimi (1 861 kg/da) değerleri NK Gigantic çeşidinden elde edilirken, 1000 tane ağırlığı (354 g) Sancia ve koçanda tane sayısı (893 adet) ise Larigal çeşitlerinde tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Orta Kızılırmak Havzası ve benzer ekolojik koşullarda tane verimi bakımından NK Gigantic çeşidinin diğer çeşitlere kıyasla üstün olduğu, Kompozit Arifiye, RX-9292, Carella, Pasha ve PG 1610 çeşitlerinin ise tatmin edici verimler ortaya koyduğu tespit edilmiştir.This study was performed according to the randomized complete block design, as 3 replicates, under Middle Kizilirmak Basin ecological conditions (40°20'N, 33°58'E, elevation 550 m) , in 2012 and 2013 years. In this study, 20 different hybrid maize varieties, Ada-523, Kompozit Arifiye, Sakarya, NK Gigantic, NK Arma, NK Famoso, RX-9292, Colonia, Sum 1186, Sancia, Larigal, Cadiz, Carella, Donana, Borja, OSSK 644, Pasha, PG 1610, PG 1661 and Otello were used as plant materials. According to the results averaged over 2 years, statistically significant differences have been determined in the all properties. First ear height, plant height, and ear number per plant were obtained from 98 to 140 cm, 252 to 280 cm, and 1.2 to 2.0 numbers, respectively. While the superior grain number in ear (211 g), ear length (23.72 mm), ear weight (348 g), ear diameter (51.85 mm) and grain yield (10 861 kg ha-1) values were obtained from NK Gigantic cultivar, 1000 grain weight (354 g) and grain number in ear (893 number) values were calculated from Sancia and Larigal cultivars, respectively. As a result, NK Gigantic showed superior performance compared to other cultivars. However, Kompozit Arifiye, RX-9292, Carella, Pasha, and PG 1610 varieties can be recommended under Middle Kizilirmak Basin ecological conditions because they presented satisfactory grain yields

Effects of mixture ratio and row spacing in hungarian vetch (vicia pannonica crantz.) and annual ryegrass ( lolium multiflorum lam.) intercropping system on yield and quality under semiarid climate conditions

This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40°20 ′N, 33°58 ′E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011 –2012 and 2012 –2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacing s (20, 30 , and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system . The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split- plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacing s considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacing s had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions , the highest green herbag e yield (33.4 t ha –1), hay yield (7.5 t ha –1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates w ere obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha –1) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20 -cm row spacing interaction. The se results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas ra ising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values . Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+4 0%AR with a 30 - cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system.This study was conducted at the Middle Kizilirmak basin of Turkey (40°20 ′N, 33°58 ′E, elevation 550 m), during the 2011 –2012 and 2012 –2013 growing seasons, to determine the effects of different mixture ratios (sole Hungarian vetch (HV), annual ryegrass (AR); 80%HV+20%AR, 60%HV+40%AR, 40%HV+60%AR, and 20%HV+80%AR) and row spacing s (20, 30 , and 40 cm) on the forage yield and quality of the HV and AR intercropping system . The experiment was planned in a randomized complete block design, where a split- plot arrangement of mixture ratios was considered as the main plot with the row spacing s considered as subplots. According to the mean of 2 years, the different mixture ratios and row spacing s had a statistically significant effect on all of the properties. At the end of the research, among the different mixture ratios and row spacing interactions , the highest green herbag e yield (33.4 t ha –1), hay yield (7.5 t ha –1), lowest neutral detergent fiber (52.2%), and crude ash (7.8%) rates w ere obtained from the 60%HV+40%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest crude protein (CP) rate (17%), CP yield (1156 kg ha –1) and ADF (39.5%) ratios were obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 30 -cm row spacing interaction. The highest RFV value (107) was obtained from the 80%HV+20%AR mixture and 20 -cm row spacing interaction. The se results show that increasing the HV ratio in the mixture has positive effects on the yield and quality, whereas ra ising the row spacing has adverse effects on the forage values . Therefore, 80%HV+20%AR or 60%HV+4 0%AR with a 30 - cm row spacing interaction can be suggested for forage production in an HV and AR intercropping system

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CHEMICAL PRETREATMENTS ON CELL WALL COMPOSITION AND ASH CONCENTRATION OF SWEET SORGHUM BAGASSE FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION

Pretreatment is one of the key processes in lignocellulosic bioethanol production, which is needed to improve accessibility of enzymes to cellulose. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different chemical pretreatments on cell wall composition and ash concentration of sweet sorghum bagasse. 9 different pretreatment methods used in the study can be categorized into 3 different methods such as dilute sulphuric acid (1, 1.5 and 2 % H2SO4 w/v ) , dilute sodium hydroxide ( 1, 1.5 and 2 % NAOH w/v ) and sequential dilute sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide ( 1 % H 4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH, 1.5 % H 2 SO 4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH and 2 % H 2 SO w/v + 0.5 M NAOH ) . According to results, while 2 % H 2 SO 4 4 w/v + 0.5 M NAOH gave the highest cellulose ( 91.51 % ) and lowest lignin ( 1.7 % ) concentrations, the lowest cellulose ( 65.11 % ) , hemicellulose ( 0.4 % ) , and highest lignin concentrations ( 23.42 % ) were provided by 1.5 % H 2 SO w/v among pretreatments. Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents of sweet sorghum bagasse after sodium hydroxide pretreatments 4 ranged from 76.72 to 79.88, 11.75 to 14.62, and 2.05 to 4.11 %, respectively. The most appropriate cell wall composition for enzymatic hydrolysis was derived from sequential dilute sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatments due to the fact that they provided the highest cellulose ( 90.68 – 91.51 % ) , lowest lignin ( 1.7 – 3.41 % ) and desirable hemicellulose ( 1.10 – 1.82 % ) contents. However, enzymatic hydrolysis must be done to learn which method enables the highest fermentable sugar production

Efects of diferent organic materials on forage yield and quality of silage maize (Zea mays L.)

Tis study was conducted at the experimental area of the Field Crops Department of Çukurova University (37°01 ′N, 35°18 ′E) in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to determine the efects of sole or combined applications of 3 organic materials (poultry litter, cattle manure, and leonardite) with supplemental inorganic fertilizer on the forage yield and quality of silage maize. Te feld trial was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 3 replications. Poultry litter (PL) and cattle manure (CM) were applied based on P or N requirements (PL-P, PL-N, CM-P, and CM-N) of the crop, whereas leonardite was applied in only 1 dose (500 kg ha –1 ) and was also combined with 3 inorganic fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, and 50% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer dose, called LEO-100, LEO- 75, and LEO-50, respectively). Te results show that the highest values of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields (18.3 t ha–1 and 1652 kg ha–1, respectively) were observed in LEO-100, whereas the lowest (11.2 t ha–1 and 758 kg ha–1, respectively) were observed in PL-N. In terms of forage quality parameters (CP, acid detergent fber, neutral detergent fber, and relative feed value), the P-based poultry litter and cattle manure treatments (PL-P and CM-P) gave similar results to conventional fertilization treatment, whereas the N-based treatments (PL-N and CM-N) signifcantly decreased forage quality. Te combined use of organic materials with inorganic fertilizers instead of a conventional fertilization regime may be efective in maintaining forage supply but N-based treatments have the risk of restricting forage production from silage maize.Tis study was conducted at the experimental area of the Field Crops Department of Çukurova University (37°01 ′N, 35°18 ′E) in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons to determine the efects of sole or combined applications of 3 organic materials (poultry litter, cattle manure, and leonardite) with supplemental inorganic fertilizer on the forage yield and quality of silage maize. Te feld trial was arranged in a complete randomized block design with 3 replications. Poultry litter (PL) and cattle manure (CM) were applied based on P or N requirements (PL-P, PL-N, CM-P, and CM-N) of the crop, whereas leonardite was applied in only 1 dose (500 kg ha –1 ) and was also combined with 3 inorganic fertilizer doses (100%, 75%, and 50% of the recommended inorganic fertilizer dose, called LEO-100, LEO- 75, and LEO-50, respectively). Te results show that the highest values of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) yields (18.3 t ha–1 and 1652 kg ha–1, respectively) were observed in LEO-100, whereas the lowest (11.2 t ha–1 and 758 kg ha–1, respectively) were observed in PL-N. In terms of forage quality parameters (CP, acid detergent fber, neutral detergent fber, and relative feed value), the P-based poultry litter and cattle manure treatments (PL-P and CM-P) gave similar results to conventional fertilization treatment, whereas the N-based treatments (PL-N and CM-N) signifcantly decreased forage quality. Te combined use of organic materials with inorganic fertilizers instead of a conventional fertilization regime may be efective in maintaining forage supply but N-based treatments have the risk of restricting forage production from silage maize

Çukurova Koşullarında Bazı Sorgum X Sudanotu Melezi Çeşitlerinin Verim ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi

Bu araştırma, bazı sorgum x sudanotu melezi çeşitlerinin Çukurova bölgesi koşullarında verim ve kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, bölgedeki bazı tohum firmalarından temin edilen 5 adet sorgum x sudanotu melezi çeşidi (Bovital, Sugar Graze II, Super Grazer, Grazer N 2, Nutri Honey) materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, Tesadüf Blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak 2010 yılında, Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü Araştırma ve Uygulama Alanında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada çeşitlerin bitki boyu, yeşil ot verimi, ham protein, ADF ve NDF oranları gibi verim ve kalite özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, en yüksek bitki boyu 183.6 cm ile Bovital çeşidinden elde edilmiştir. En yüksek yeşil ot verimi (5160 kg/da) ve en düşük ADF (% 34) ve NDF (% 57.40) oranları Super Grazer çeşidinden sağlanmıştır. Öte yandan, en yüksek ham protein oranı ise % 10.46 ile Nutri Honey çeşidinden elde edilmiştir