Framing Income Inequality in the Media: Is There a Liberal or Neoliberal Bias?

This study is a quantitative content analysis that analyzes how The New York Times framed income inequality between 2006 and 2010. A thorough review of the literature regarding rising income inequality in the United States, media theory, framing, bias, cultural hegemony, liberal and neoliberal political trends, and social mobility precedes findings that media coverage of income inequality declined while inequality grew. Various neoliberal, liberal, and neutral frames are identified and examined for slant and bias. I find that while the Times has a slight liberal bias in framing income inequality, a neoliberal hegemonic discourse pervades how the issue is addressed. Finally, I address the significance of social mobility as an absent frame in the media\u27s discourse on income inequality

Toddlers' food preferences: The impact of novel food exposure, maternal preferences and food neophobia

Food preferences have been identified as a key determinant of children’s food acceptance and consumption. The aim of this study was to identify factors that influence children’s liking for fruits, vegetables and non-core foods. Participants were Australian mothers (median age at delivery=31 years, 18-46 years) and their two-year-old children (M=25 months, SD=1 month; 52% female) allocated to the control group (N=230) of the NOURISH RCT. The effects of repeated exposure to new foods, maternal food preferences and child food neophobia on toddlers’ liking of vegetables, fruits and non-core foods and the proportion never tried were examined via hierarchical regression models; adjusting for key maternal (age, BMI, education) and child covariates (birth weight Z-score, gender), duration of breastfeeding and age of introduction to solids. Maternal preferences corresponded with child preferences. Food neophobia among toddlers was associated with liking fewer vegetables and fruits, and trying fewer vegetables. Number of repeated exposures to new food was not significantly associated with food liking at this age. Results highlight the need to: (i) encourage parents to offer a wide range of foods, regardless of their own food preferences, and (ii) provide parents with guidance on managing food neophobia

The Syntax and Semantics of Definiteness in the Jordanian Bedouin Arabic Construct State

The Semitic Construct State (CS) is a construction by which possessive relationships, among others, are expressed by a chain of two or more adjacent nouns. Often, the rightmost/embedded noun (the possessor) has a definite article prefixed to it, and this definiteness is frequently interpreted on the head of the CS. I examine a.) the status of the CS in Jordanian Bedouin Arabic, b.) the possible interpretations that can arise, and c.) the various analyses that have been put forth to explain this apparent definiteness spreading.The Buckeye Language Network provided some funding that allowed me to go to Jordan to elicit data.No embargoAcademic Major: Linguistic

Rheology of sludge in pour-flush toilets: understanding the requirements for pit emptying technology design

Pour-flush (PF) toilets are seen as bridging the gap between basic on-site sanitation and the water-borne sewerage systems that people aspire to. Limited studies have been conducted on the rheological properties of PF sludge, which are a key component in designing and selecting appropriate pit emptying equipment. Samples from active and standing PF leach pits were tested for moisture content and viscosity. The two variables were linked using the fresh faeces viscosity model (Woolley et al., 2014). A second model was used to demonstrate how the volume and moisture of material in standing PF leach pits changed over time. This showed that PF leach pits could be emptied using a pump within two months of active use. Alternatively, PF leach pits can be left for up to five years after which the volume will have reduced to 45 % of the original volume and can be dug out manually

The SAVI Report: Sexual Abuse and Violence in Ireland. Executive Summary

The SAVI Report: Sexual Abuse and Violence in Ireland. Executive Summar

Childcare food provision recommendations vary across australia: Jurisdictional comparison and nutrition expert perspectives

© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Early childhood is a critical stage for nutrition promotion, and childcare settings have the potential for wide-reaching impact on food intake. There are currently no Australian national guidelines for childcare food provision, and the comparability of existing guidelines across jurisdictions is unknown. This project aimed to map and compare childcare food provision guidelines and to explore perspectives amongst early childhood nutrition experts for alignment of jurisdictional childcare food provision guidelines with the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG). A desktop review was conducted and formed the basis of an online survey. A national convenience sample of childhood nutrition experts was surveyed. Existing guideline recommendations for food group serving quantities were similar across jurisdictions but contained many minor differences. Of the 49 survey respondents, most (84–100%) agreed with aligning food group provision recommendations to provide at least 50% of the recommended ADG serves for children. Most (94%) agreed that discretionary foods should be offered less than once per month or never. Jurisdictional childcare food provision guidelines do not currently align, raising challenges for national accreditation and the provision of support and resources for services across jurisdictions. Childhood nutrition experts support national alignment of food provision guidelines with the ADG

Secular trends in child and adult sexual violence--one decreasing and the other increasing: a population survey in Ireland.

BACKGROUND: Sexual violence is a worldwide problem affecting children and adults. Knowledge of trends in prevalence is essential to inform the design and evaluation of preventive and intervention programmes. We aimed to assess the prevalence of lifetime sexual violence for both sexes and to document the prevalence of adult and child abuse by birth year in the general population. METHODS: National cluster-randomized telephone interview study of 3120 adults in Ireland was done. RESULTS: Child sexual abuse involving physical contact was reported by 20% of women and 16% of men. In adulthood, figures were 20% and 10% for women and men, respectively. Prevalence of any form of sexual violence across the lifespan was 42% (women) and 38% (men). Analysis by year of birth indicated a curvilinear pattern for child sexual abuse with lower prevalence in the oldest and youngest participants. Sexual violence in young adulthood showed a linear pattern with higher prevalence in the youngest participants. CONCLUSION: The trend of lower rates of experience of child sexual abuse in younger adults in the sample is in keeping with findings from other countries. The trend of higher rates of adult sexual violence in younger adults is worrying, particularly since the same participants reported less experience of child sexual abuse than the preceding generations. There is a paucity of international data addressing the issue of cohort differences in exposure to sexual violence. Within-study analysis, and follow-up studies designed to maximize replicability, are needed to inform discussion about societal trends in different types of sexual violence

Comparison of Salmonella enterica Serovars Typhi and Typhimurium Reveals Typhoidal Serovar-Specific Responses to Bile.

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Typhimurium cause typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, respectively. A unique feature of typhoid infection is asymptomatic carriage within the gallbladder, which is linked with S Typhi transmission. Despite this, S Typhi responses to bile have been poorly studied. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of S Typhi Ty2 and a clinical S Typhi isolate belonging to the globally dominant H58 lineage (strain 129-0238), as well as S Typhimurium 14028, revealed that 249, 389, and 453 genes, respectively, were differentially expressed in the presence of 3% bile compared to control cultures lacking bile. fad genes, the actP-acs operon, and putative sialic acid uptake and metabolism genes (t1787 to t1790) were upregulated in all strains following bile exposure, which may represent adaptation to the small intestine environment. Genes within the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1), those encoding a type IIII secretion system (T3SS), and motility genes were significantly upregulated in both S Typhi strains in bile but downregulated in S Typhimurium. Western blots of the SPI-1 proteins SipC, SipD, SopB, and SopE validated the gene expression data. Consistent with this, bile significantly increased S Typhi HeLa cell invasion, while S Typhimurium invasion was significantly repressed. Protein stability assays demonstrated that in S Typhi the half-life of HilD, the dominant regulator of SPI-1, is three times longer in the presence of bile; this increase in stability was independent of the acetyltransferase Pat. Overall, we found that S Typhi exhibits a specific response to bile, especially with regard to virulence gene expression, which could impact pathogenesis and transmission