Práticas e crenças populares associadas ao desmame precoce

Objetivo: Compreender a interferência das práticas e crenças populares no desmame precoce em puérperas assistidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família.Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado de abril a maio de 2016, com 12 puérperas cadastradas na unidade de Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família, através de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados por análise de conteúdo temática.Resultados: As mulheres compreendem a importância da amamentação exclusiva, porém o retorno ao trabalho e estudo e algumas crenças e tabus como, por exemplo, acreditar que o leite é fraco, dificuldade de pega, e alterações estéticas das mamas, levam ao desmame ou a inclusão de outros alimentos antes dos seis meses de vida da criança. A maioria não recebeu orientação profissional durante o pré-natal sobre amamentação e, as que receberam, reportaram a figura do enfermeiro como agente facilitador.Conclusão: É importante a desmistificação e favorecimento da prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo pelo tempo mínimo estabelecido.Objetivo: Comprender la influencia de las prácticas y creencias populares en el destete precoz de puérperas que asistían al programa Estratégia Saúde da Família.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, el cual se llevó a cabo entre abril y mayo de 2016 con 12 puérperas registradas en la unidad de Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático.Resultados: Las mujeres participantes en nuestro estudio comprendieron la importancia de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Sin embargo, factores como el retorno al trabajo o al estudio, las creencias y tabúes —como creer que la leche materna no es suficiente—, la dificultad de agarre y el temor por las alteraciones estéticas de los senos llevan al destete o a la inclusión de otros alimentos en la dieta antes de los primeros seis meses de vida del niño. La mayoría de las puérperas no recibió orientación profesional sobre la lactancia materna durante el control prenatal; aquellas que obtuvieron orientación informaron que la figura del enfermero fue un agente facilitador.Conclusión: Es necesario desmitificar la lactancia materna exclusiva y promover que esta práctica se lleve a cabo durante un tiempo determinado.Objective: To understand the effect of popular beliefs and practices on early weaning of puerperal women attending the Estratégia Saúde da Família program.Methodology: This is a descriptive qualitative study, conducted from April to May 2016 with 22 puerperal women enrolled in the Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and they were analyzed using content analysis.Results: Women who participated in this study understood the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. Nevertheless, factors such as return to work/school, beliefs and taboos (for instance, some mothers believe that breast milk is insufficient), latching problems, and fear for breast changes lead to weaning or to include other foods during first six months of the childʼs life. Most puerperal women did not receive expert guidance on breastfeeding during antenatal care. Those who do received guidance regarded the figure of the nurse as a facilitating agent.Conclusion: It is necessary to demystify exclusive breastfeeding and to promote this practice to be possible for a certain period of time

School children with low birth weight inserted in system of Embu's education: construction of sentences

PURPOSE: To characterize the construction of sentences in schoolchildren born with low weight.METHODS: We selected 413 students from Embu das Artes (SP), Brazil. Application of Recreating Speech Acts of Test of Language Competence sub-test. We analyzed the number of words and the holistic score. Age group of 6-10 years old, female/male, with low birth weight (<2,500 g) in Study Group (SG; n=238), and birth weight above or equal to 2,500 g composing the Control Group (CG; n=175). Children with anomalies were excluded. The both groups' responses were considered as well as the association of the responses with variables birth weight, gender, age of child and maternal age and education, through Student's t-test, χ2test and linear regression.RESULTS: The SG scored less on the total number of words and had worst performance in items that involved prepositions with a sense of temporality and place, with adverb functions. There was no difference between groups regarding the holistic score. It was found positive impact of the variables birth weight (p=0.002), age of child, age of mother and maternal education on standard test scores in both groups.CONCLUSION: The SG had fewer words compared to CG. The higher the birth weight, the higher the score test pattern. It was evident the age-related changes in morpho-syntactic skills addressed in the study, and protection factors mother's schooling and age had a positive impact on language performance

Interpretação de ambiguidades de escolares de Embu das Artes (SP) nascidos com baixo peso

RESUMO Objetivo Observar o desenvolvimento de linguagem quanto às habilidades de reconhecer e interpretar ambiguidades lexicais, em escolares nascidos com baixo peso e inseridos na rede de ensino do município de Embu das Artes (São Paulo/SP) em comparação a escolares nascidos com peso adequado. Método Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, caso-controle de 378 escolares, de 5 a 9,9 anos, de ambos os gêneros, da rede municipal de ensino de Embu das Artes (SP). Grupo Pesquisa/GP de 210 escolares, nascidos com peso inferior a 2500 gramas/g. Grupo Controle/GC de 168 escolares, nascidos com peso maior ou igual a 2500g. Por meio do Test of Language Competence, os grupos foram comparados quanto às habilidades de: reconhecer e interpretar verbalmente sentenças que contenham ambiguidade. Variáveis de interesse: idade e gênero das crianças; idade e escolaridade maternas. Análises estatísticas: descritiva para a caracterização da amostra e pontuação por grupo; t-Student para a comparação entre as pontuações totais de cada habilidade/subteste; quiquadrado para comparação por itens de cada subteste; e regressão mútipla para análise das variáveis intervenientes. Resultados O GP teve menor pontuação em sentenças que continham ambiguidade, quando comparado ao GC. Na análise de regressão múltipla, no GC e no GP a idade atual da criança foi fator preditor para todas as habilidades metalinguísticas de interpretação de ambiguidades. Conclusão O GP teve menor pontuação do que o GC para habilidades de Ambiguidades no total e em item específico. O fator idade atual da criança interferiu positivamente no GC e no GP para as habilidades de Ambiguidades

Popular beliefs and practices related to early weaning

Objective: To understand the effect of popular beliefs and practices on early weaning of puerperal women attending the Estratégia Saúde da Família program. Methodology: This is a descriptive qualitative study, conducted from April to May 2016 with 22 puerperal women enrolled in the Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and they were analyzed using content analysis. Results: Women who participated in this study understood the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. Nevertheless, factors such as return to work/school, beliefs and taboos (for instance, some mothers believe that breast milk is insufficient), latching problems, and fear for breast changes lead to weaning or to include other foods during first six months of the childʼs life. Most puerperal women did not receive expert guidance on breastfeeding during antenatal care. Those who do received guidance regarded the figure of the nurse as a facilitating agent. Conclusion: It is necessary to demystify exclusive breastfeeding and to promote this practice to be possible for a certain period of time

Práticas e crenças populares associadas ao desmame precoce

Objective: To understand the effect of popular beliefs and practices on early weaning of puerperal women attending the Estratégia Saúde da Família program.Methodology: This is a descriptive qualitative study, conducted from April to May 2016 with 22 puerperal women enrolled in the Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and they were analyzed using content analysis.Results: Women who participated in this study understood the importance of exclusive breastfeeding. Nevertheless, factors such as return to work/school, beliefs and taboos (for instance, some mothers believe that breast milk is insufficient), latching problems, and fear for breast changes lead to weaning or to include other foods during first six months of the childʼs life. Most puerperal women did not receive expert guidance on breastfeeding during antenatal care. Those who do received guidance regarded the figure of the nurse as a facilitating agent.Conclusion: It is necessary to demystify exclusive breastfeeding and to promote this practice to be possible for a certain period of time.Objetivo: Compreender a interferência das práticas e crenças populares no desmame precoce em puérperas assistidas na Estratégia Saúde da Família.Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado de abril a maio de 2016, com 12 puérperas cadastradas na unidade de Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família, através de entrevista semiestruturada. Os dados foram analisados por análise de conteúdo temática.Resultados: As mulheres compreendem a importância da amamentação exclusiva, porém o retorno ao trabalho e estudo e algumas crenças e tabus como, por exemplo, acreditar que o leite é fraco, dificuldade de pega, e alterações estéticas das mamas, levam ao desmame ou a inclusão de outros alimentos antes dos seis meses de vida da criança. A maioria não recebeu orientação profissional durante o pré-natal sobre amamentação e, as que receberam, reportaram a figura do enfermeiro como agente facilitador.Conclusão: É importante a desmistificação e favorecimento da prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo pelo tempo mínimo estabelecido.Objetivo: Comprender la influencia de las prácticas y creencias populares en el destete precoz de puérperas que asistían al programa Estratégia Saúde da Família.Metodología: Estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo, el cual se llevó a cabo entre abril y mayo de 2016 con 12 puérperas registradas en la unidad de Atendimento Multiprofissional Especializado (AME) Saúde da Família, a partir de entrevistas semiestructuradas. Los datos se analizaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático.Resultados: Las mujeres participantes en nuestro estudio comprendieron la importancia de la lactancia materna exclusiva. Sin embargo, factores como el retorno al trabajo o al estudio, las creencias y tabúes —como creer que la leche materna no es suficiente—, la dificultad de agarre y el temor por las alteraciones estéticas de los senos llevan al destete o a la inclusión de otros alimentos en la dieta antes de los primeros seis meses de vida del niño. La mayoría de las puérperas no recibió orientación profesional sobre la lactancia materna durante el control prenatal; aquellas que obtuvieron orientación informaron que la figura del enfermero fue un agente facilitador.Conclusión: Es necesario desmitificar la lactancia materna exclusiva y promover que esta práctica se lleve a cabo durante un tiempo determinado

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data

Brazilian Flora 2020: Leveraging the power of a collaborative scientific network

International audienceThe shortage of reliable primary taxonomic data limits the description of biological taxa and the understanding of biodiversity patterns and processes, complicating biogeographical, ecological, and evolutionary studies. This deficit creates a significant taxonomic impediment to biodiversity research and conservation planning. The taxonomic impediment and the biodiversity crisis are widely recognized, highlighting the urgent need for reliable taxonomic data. Over the past decade, numerous countries worldwide have devoted considerable effort to Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC), which called for the preparation of a working list of all known plant species by 2010 and an online world Flora by 2020. Brazil is a megadiverse country, home to more of the world's known plant species than any other country. Despite that, Flora Brasiliensis, concluded in 1906, was the last comprehensive treatment of the Brazilian flora. The lack of accurate estimates of the number of species of algae, fungi, and plants occurring in Brazil contributes to the prevailing taxonomic impediment and delays progress towards the GSPC targets. Over the past 12 years, a legion of taxonomists motivated to meet Target 1 of the GSPC, worked together to gather and integrate knowledge on the algal, plant, and fungal diversity of Brazil. Overall, a team of about 980 taxonomists joined efforts in a highly collaborative project that used cybertaxonomy to prepare an updated Flora of Brazil, showing the power of scientific collaboration to reach ambitious goals. This paper presents an overview of the Brazilian Flora 2020 and provides taxonomic and spatial updates on the algae, fungi, and plants found in one of the world's most biodiverse countries. We further identify collection gaps and summarize future goals that extend beyond 2020. Our results show that Brazil is home to 46,975 native species of algae, fungi, and plants, of which 19,669 are endemic to the country. The data compiled to date suggests that the Atlantic Rainforest might be the most diverse Brazilian domain for all plant groups except gymnosperms, which are most diverse in the Amazon. However, scientific knowledge of Brazilian diversity is still unequally distributed, with the Atlantic Rainforest and the Cerrado being the most intensively sampled and studied biomes in the country. In times of “scientific reductionism”, with botanical and mycological sciences suffering pervasive depreciation in recent decades, the first online Flora of Brazil 2020 significantly enhanced the quality and quantity of taxonomic data available for algae, fungi, and plants from Brazil. This project also made all the information freely available online, providing a firm foundation for future research and for the management, conservation, and sustainable use of the Brazilian funga and flora